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反行政垄断,执法要有钢牙利齿

2017-09-01 06:21:56   中国青年网

尽快补足目前反垄断法只赋予执法机关对行政权力滥用行为只有建议权的立法短板,从法律顶层强化反行政垄断的执法力度,无疑是开创反行政垄断新局面的不二选择

□ 张智全

8月30日,中国反垄断法颁布满十年。十年来,我国反垄断的执法力度不断加大,有效维护了市场公平竞争秩序。但与反市场垄断形成鲜明对比的是,对于滥用市场支配地位的行政垄断的反击,执法却一直走得磕磕碰碰,反垄断法对行政垄断监管力度不足的立法弊端已日益凸现(8月31日《法制日报》)。

行政垄断的实质是行政权力在市场中的滥用。行政权力的滥用,不但有违依法行政的基本法治原则,而且更容易让行政权力介入市场,导致市场状态发生扭曲,危害和弱化市场对资源的合理配置,破坏市场环境的公平。为防止行政垄断对市场秩序的危害,世界发达经济体无不通过立法对其予以严格限制。我国亦不例外,反垄断法第32条对此明确规定:“行政机关和法律、法规授权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织不得滥用行政权力,限定或者变相限定单位或者个人经营、购买、使用其指定的经营者提供的商品。”依法对行政垄断果断说“不”,显然是维护市场公平竞争秩序的必然要求。

与一般的垄断行为相比,行政垄断因为行政权力的滥用,对市场秩序造成的危害更甚。鉴于行政垄断行为对市场竞争秩序的巨大危害性,我国反垄断法实施后,执法机关查处了大量行政垄断案件,虽在一定程度上遏制了行政权力在市场上的滥用,但仍未从根本上扭转行政权力介入市场的不良局面,迄今也鲜有行政垄断行为遭受重罚的案例。追根溯源,笔者以为,症结在于反垄断法的先天不足。换言之,反垄断法本身的不完善,才导致了法律对行政垄断行为的惩处陷入了“心太软”的尴尬。

综观我国现行的反垄断法,虽然在专设的第五章对行政垄断进行了规制,规制的范畴涵盖了几乎所有类型的滥用行政权力排除、限制竞争的行为,但该法赋予反垄断执法机构的权力竟只有建议权。这种建议权,尽管有一定的积极意义,但最终执法机关只能“督促”相关地方政府或行政部门自我纠正滥用权力的行为。这无异于隔靴搔痒,其执法效果必然大打折扣。针对这一情况,2016年6月14日,国务院发布了《关于在市场体系建设中建立公平竞争审查制度的意见》,用列举的方式亮出了18项审查标准,要求行政机关在政策出台前自我审查,确保不出现行政垄断内容。客观公允地讲,国务院发布的这18项行政垄断政策审查标准,有利于从源头上防止行政垄断,筑牢反行政垄断的事前预防大堤。但需要指出的是,事前的预防须以事后的严格执法为依托。如果事后的执法对行政权力的滥用只有建议权而没有处罚权,那么,强势的行政部门必然会不把执法机关的建议当回事儿。有鉴于此,改变当前反垄断法对行政垄断行为“心太软”的被动局面,让反垄断法真正长出“钢牙利齿”,显然势在必行。

法律是治国之重器,良法乃善治之前提。在反行政垄断任重道远的现实语境下,尽快补足目前反垄断法只赋予执法机关对行政权力滥用行为只有建议权的立法短板,从法律顶层强化反行政垄断的执法力度,无疑是开创反行政垄断新局面的不二选择。值得期待的是,全国人大常委会8月28日在审议反不正当竞争法修订草案二审稿时,删除了与反垄断法重复的内容,反垄断执法的力度有望加大。一旦加大执法力度,那么法律对包括行政垄断在内的所有垄断行为的打击,有望跳出“心太软”的尴尬,也会为全力围剿贻害巨大的行政垄断行为筑牢法律的基石。

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