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互联时代,反垄断概念需要正确认识

2017-08-30 04:16:42   中国青年网

□ 张 军

近日,有媒体报道,阿里等互联网平台卷入涉嫌垄断风波。今年恰好是我国反垄断法颁布十周年,这十年是我国经济模式不断变化和飞速发展的十年,许多不同于传统行业的新兴经济体得到发展壮大。正确认识经济的发展变化,有利于我们对反垄断法的理解。

首先,互联网经济的特点决定了,不能用传统的概念来理解垄断,更不能以臆想中的垄断概念来认识特殊行业的规模化和集中化。随着互联网与生活的高度融合,互联网经济成为当前乃至未来一段时期主要的经济发展模式。出于互联网经济规模性的特点,与传统产业相比,高度的集中和粘合是互联网企业生存和发展的重要基础,也是企业发展的必然方向。互联网企业的规模效应如果一定要用垄断来表述,那就是典型的自然垄断。“垄断”地位的取得,是特定行业的经营特性所决定的,并非是在竞争过程中因经济力量的不断集中而形成。如果要消除这种垄断,增加竞争者的数量,就会提高平均成本,从而对资源配置效率和消费者福利造成损害。

互联时代的人员汇聚效应导致平台的发展进入“强者愈强”的状态,这带来不可阻挡的竞争优势,加上强大的社会动员能力和海量数据的汇聚能力,这正是互联经济的特征所决定的,也是互联网经济的优势所在。这类企业往往是通过技术创新、提高生产效率或者采取其他正当竞争手段而在竞争中取胜,而不是由企业之间通过相互勾结串通来影响市场,或者依靠独占及非经济因素形成市场权力。这与传统经济模式下的垄断,或者说是反垄断法意义上的垄断有所区别,也是互联网经济条件下反垄断法面对的一个新课题。

其次,反垄断法主要制裁和打击的是企业利用市场垄断危害消费者利益或者是公平竞争的市场秩序,而不是通过竞争和市场选择造就的规模企业。实际上,由于互联网自身的特点,企业规模越大,其为消费者提供的服务也就越多、也更优质。无论是互联网还是中国经济,都需要也必然产生超级互联网平台。因此,正确认识新经济模式下的超级经济平台,需要更加合理、客观地把握垄断的概念。这对于普通消费者,对于网络平台企业,还有对于整个行业都极为关键。如此不仅能够保护和延续互联网企业的创新基因,也是维护经济秩序和社会秩序稳定的内在要求。与传统意义上的垄断企业不同,有些互联网企业虽然暂时好像没有对手,但在激烈的市场竞争中,他们不敢有任何的疏忽和懈怠,只要他们做得不好,会很快被新的竞争对手打败,所谓的“垄断地位”其实也是岌岌可危的。在没有行政壁垒的开放行业里,任何企业都能投入这个行业里来。但能否在里面生存,就要看他们的产品或服务能否为消费者所接受。在社会所称的BAT巨头的立足领域,初期有很多别的公司都在开发相似的产品或从事类似的服务,这些所谓的巨头是在激烈的竞争中经市场筛选而生存发展的。随着市场的深化和技术的进步,互联网经济也会发生更大的变化。BAT虽然现在是行业的领航者,可如果他们不继续努力,被超越甚至被淘汰也只在瞬息之间。

最后,市场经济是鼓励竞争、保护竞争的经济,法律需要保护的是公平的竞争和规范的竞争秩序。因此,要尽量保证行业入口的畅通,充分依赖市场的竞争,明确“保护竞争和消费者利益”是反垄断法的目标。对反垄断法的理解适用,也必须站在时代发展的背景下。一方面政府部门要加强监管,防止网络平台权力的滥用,保护网民的合法权益;另一方面,也要正确认识反垄断法的本质目的,防止产生认识误区和反垄断法的滥用,保护新经济模式的健康发展。

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