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题壁涂鸦有好诗(四)
2017-09-01 04:15:52 中国青年网
杨凝式题壁
苏轼《题西林壁》
右军题壁图 张大千/绘
从数量上看,题寺壁、驿壁、斋壁,是题壁诗的大项,精彩多多,影响也比较深远。南宋偏安后,朝廷避谈恢复,逸乐于歌舞升平,诗人林升讽刺当朝忘怀国耻只顾享受,曾经写过一首《题临安邸》,“山外青山楼外楼,西湖歌舞几时休?暖风熏得游人醉,直把杭州作汴州”,郁闷至深,不形于色,淡淡道来却针砭有力,可作史实诵读。另有无名氏的《题壁》,讽刺也很深刻,“白塔桥边卖地经,长亭短驿最分明。如何只说临安路,不较中原有几程”,说临安(杭州)远郊官道上的白塔桥边有“卖地经”(卖地图)的,路过的官员只买《朝京里程图》,以便尽快进京朝拜腾达,对沦陷的中原故土却无人问津。宋朝每十里设置一邮亭,每三十里设置一驿站,“地经”上标识邮亭和驿站通常都比较清楚。此诗似不经意的一问,直刺朝廷官员的苟且,针砭有力,此种冷峻非常的平淡奇崛,最不易作。后人谈诗论史,言及南宋淡忘故土恢复事,多举此二诗,足见其影响。
古代民间有怨苦不敢疾呼时,或拣题壁方式,广而周知,企盼公正降临。因为这些题壁文字大都有不便直言的苦衷,故多匿名,并且以隐字暗喻等手法曲婉出之,聊可舒啸不平。明李应昇《书驿亭壁方寿州诗后》有“最是临风凄切处,壁间俱是断肠诗”,展示出题壁诗反映民间苦情的一个侧面,实际上,也点出题壁诗作为诗歌文学表达现实的重要性。
赋诗题壁,或可看作民间发表诗文的一方阵地,所以时有苛政杂税灾患等反映百姓疾苦而不愿具名的讽世诗,题于楼馆粉壁。官府如果察纳民风,通常会及时采集这些无名氏的题壁诗,作为体悯苦情的仁善之道。宋贾似道专权时,恰逢理宗选妃,贾看中西湖樵家女子张淑芳的美貌,欲私匿府邸纳为小妾。这时有无名氏站出来题壁,公开不满,诗曰“山上楼台湖上船,平章醉后懒朝天。羽书莫报樊城急,新得蛾眉正少年”,不久就满城风雨,群情沸沸。贾似道贼胆再大,也不敢犯欺君之罪,只得收敛丑行。
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