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天然气调价并非只为“减负”

2017-08-31 07:35:42   央广网

鲁宁

国家发改委昨天发布消息,从9月1日起全国非居民天然气基准门站价每立方米下调0.1元人民币。这意味着,工业用气、发电用气、车船用气等非居民用气价格,亦将同步下调每立方米0.1元左右。按照去年国内非居民天然气消耗700亿立方米匡算,仅此一项,每年即可为各类实体企业减负70亿元左右。考虑到国内非居民用天然气年消耗连续呈两位数增长,实际减负幅度亦将持续放大。

降价消息甫一发布,旋即在国内能源市场及能源论坛引发热烈反响。从直接效果计,这的确是深化推进供给侧改革,落实“三去一降一补”之“一降”的又一项实质举措。作间接效果之合理展望,居民生活用天然气价格虽说这一次并未同步下调,但它将在一个时间段譬如两三年内,或直接或间接地拉动居民用天然气价格的小幅下行,至少可确保现行居民用天然气价格稳定一个时期。有鉴于此,占总用气量七成的广大城乡居民,也有望成为非居民用天然气价格下调的间接受益者。

天然气及LNG(液化天然气)是石油类基础能源的重要组成部分,为缓解国内供应不足及用气量长期刚性增长之矛盾,以及确保气价因国际供求关系变化出现大的波动,依据《价格法》,国家对非居民用天然气实施政府定价,对居民用天然气价格实行政府指导价,并辅以价格听证寻求民意理解与支持。

尽管天然气使用面极广,价格波动较为敏感,但国家欲最终实现非居民和居民用天然气价格市场定价的决心,始终未曾动摇并积极抓住机会予以稳健推进。相较于汽柴油价格已形成较稳定的成品油定价机制且人们已习以为常,气价的市场化改革似乎慢了半拍乃至一拍,但从上海重庆搭建交易平台施行半市场化的“期气”交易试点,再到LNG(去年国内消费量已达1300万吨)价格已大体实现随行就市,国家气价改革意志及行动是可以触摸及颇有收获的。这几年,LNG价格的开放,至少对天然气价格尤其是居民用气价格的稳定,产生了一定的溢出效应。

本次非居民用天然气价格下调,更是天然气价改的必然组成部分。然而,下调价格的实惠固然可立竿见影,可价改时机的选择却受制于外部条件之形成。若有人问:为何多年来天然气价格总是只涨不降?甚至于降价为何姗姗来迟?解疑释惑有四:

其一,近几年国际天然气价格与油价同步下行且数年低位运行,客观上为国内气价下调提供了前所未有的机会窗口;其二,国家实力的持续增长,使中国拥有了综合使用经济、金融、外交、“一带一路”合作等多种手段,对国际天然气价格生成产生影响,中国进口天然气价格由卖家说了算的时代已然提前终结;其三,国内这些年在海外投资开发或控参股开采的天然气不断增长,无形中增强了中国议价能力;其四,国内页岩气勘探开发获重大突破,完整且独创的全产业链正在稳步搭建,今年预计可产页岩气百亿立方米,2020年时有望年产气500亿立方米,而已探明可采储量超过美国,阶段性地位列世界之首,以至于增加对华天然气出口成为主要产气国之间的激烈竞争。

这四大因素合在一起,大大强化了中国对天然气价格的议价能量,为国内推进天然气价改创造了外部条件。此外,推进天然气价改还需国内多项改革为之开路:营改增税改减轻了管道运输企业的税务成本,而行政监管关口前移,促使发改委首次对跨省管道运输成本进行监审,挤出了管道运输企业虚报的运输成本,亦进一步拓展了降价的可操作空间。

去年,国内进口天然气721亿立方米,今年亦将继续增加进口。受制于供求关系的硬约束,短期内,天然气价格彻底随行就市尚无可能,但从中长期计,市场化定价一定是气改的最终之结果。

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