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照亮关闭着的心灵暗角

2017-08-31 07:27:24   央广网

让融合教育的理念转变为一项权利、一种文化,自闭症儿童才能得到持续关怀与帮助

最近,不少网友参加了“小朋友画廊”一元钱购画的网络公益活动。这些画作均由患有自闭症、脑瘫、唐氏综合征等精智障碍的作者创作,每一幅都代表了作者对生活的憧憬与希望。很多人不知道的是,因为疾病,他们有可能一生都无法真正“成长”,心中永远住着一个“小朋友”。

在这些病症中,自闭症最容易被人忽视。这是一种广泛性发育障碍,目前全球有超过6700万名患者。患者不聋、不盲、不哑,却常常对声响充耳不闻,对人视而不见,也不知该如何恰当表达。近年来,随着《海洋天堂》《喜禾》《蓬勃的生活》等以自闭症为题材的影片上映,这个群体的生活困境,以及他们为突破心灵枷锁所做的努力,开始为更多人所了解。

有心理学家曾把他们比喻为不利月份中出生的三文鱼。因为每年产卵初期和末期,天气和水比较寒冷,水流的速度也不合适,那时出生的三文鱼,面临比同类更糟糕的生存环境。由于患者在理解社会交往规则、生活自理等方面面临巨大挑战,绝大部分人需要家庭的终身陪伴与支持。对于社会而言,最重要的就是给这些“不幸的三文鱼”更多理解和包容,帮助他们改变生活的“水流”,与周围世界对话。

沟通障碍、语言障碍、刻板的行为,是自闭症的三大核心缺陷,这决定了患者往往无法接受一般的教学方式,老师、家长只能从他们独特的思维逻辑中,找到更有效的训练途径。泰国曾播放过一则广告,为了不让班里新来的自闭症男孩退学,班主任开始学习特教理论,针对兴趣范围狭窄、行为刻板等自闭症特点,特意调整了一些教学细节。从在教尺上绑上风车、用彩色粉笔写字来吸引注意力,到用吹橡皮筋和吹口哨,增强使用发音器官的能力,老师的耐心与用心,引导学生逐渐走出了内心的迷宫。只要因材施教,提供更具针对性的康复辅导,再严重的病情,也可能迎来治疗的转机。

早在上世纪90年代,联合国教科文组织就曾强调,把特殊儿童与正常儿童进行隔离是危险的。自闭症儿童本就有社交障碍,鼓励他们积极融入社会生活是最有效的改善方式。事实证明,在融合环境中成长的特殊儿童,其社会认知和适应能力都会提高;而通过与特殊儿童的接触,普通孩子的同情心、同理心也能得到很好的培养。美国《障碍者教育法》提出,有特殊需求的学生都有权利接触到免费、合适的公共教育,且应尽可能让其在普通的教育环境接受教育。让融合教育的理念转变为一项权利、一种文化,在更多国家落地生根,自闭症儿童才能得到持续关怀与帮助。

社会正在向这一特殊人群张开怀抱。英国有个自闭症男孩,十多年来只肯用一款产自中国东莞的蓝色水杯喝水。因为早已断货,去年他的父亲只能上网发帖求助。中国的生产厂家看到这一信息后,找出13年前的模具档案,为他制作了1000个同款杯子。温暖的跨国援助,折射出全社会对于特殊群体的关切。这种关切,很大程度上源于人类天性中含有善意与互助的基因。“万物皆有裂痕,那是光照进来的地方”,希望所有自闭症患者,都能被这个世界温柔以待。

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