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建立多元评价体系,让教材改革发挥更大作用

2017-08-31 07:06:42   央广网

教育部统一组织新编义务教育道德与法治、语文、历史教材,将于9月1日在全国投入使用。教育部教材局负责人表示,在落实中华优秀传统文化教育方面,语文教材所选古诗文数量有所增加,体裁多样。小学有古诗文129篇,初中有132篇,其中以古诗词为主,还有一些文言文,还增设专题栏目,安排楹联、成语、谚语、歇后语、蒙学读物等传统文化内容。教材改革是推进基础素质教育的重要一环。

教材的编写改革、内容调整,要起到实际作用,有赖于教师教育教学方式改革;而教育教学方式改革,又受制于教育评价制度。因此,在推进教材改革的同时,必须深入推进评价制度改革。

这次小学、初中语文教材增加了古诗文,这是重视传统文化教育的表现。不过,如果教师在教学时,还是用灌输方式,要求学生死记硬背,而学生学习古诗文的目的是为了考出高分,那增加古诗文并不能增强学生的人文底蕴。

从教育教学角度看,大致有四种教学方式。一种是灌输、讲授教育方式,即老师讲,学生听,按老师要求掌握知识点,这种教学方式,短期知识教育效果最好,但不利于培养学生的独立思考和自由表达能力。第二种是参与教学模式,即老师主讲,学生适当参与,这种教学方式,知识教育效果不如第一种,但可以一定程度促进学生思考、表达。第三种教学方式是交互、探究模式,即老师和学生是教学共同体,课堂上,学生成为主角,老师采取情景教学、案例教学等方式,激发学生的自主学习兴趣,这种模式,短期的知识教育效果比第二种更差,但对于培养学生的思维能力、表达能力作用明显。第四种是开放教学模式,即教学不局限于教室,还和课外社会实践结合,做到以学生为中心、以社会为中心以及与生活为中心,这种教学方式,重视学生个体差异,尤其是社会生活能力培养,但从考试成绩看,是“最差”的一种教学方式。

近年来,我国教育界在倡导进行交互式、探讨式和开放式教学,但效果不明显,大多数学校、老师会自觉不自觉地选择第一种教学模式,认为这种模式最省力且效果最好。这是因为我国的升学评价制度,重视对学生所学知识的考核,尤其是标准化考试,要求学生熟记标准答案,包括作文也是应试套路。题海战术是适应这一评价制度的基本战术。

在这种评价体系之下,教材内容调整,会遭遇应试困境。增加的古诗文,对于老师和学生来说,只是增加新的知识点、新的必背篇目。这是我国语文教育存在的突出问题,一篇美文,由于要分解为若干标准化题目,学生很难欣赏美文,而要学会做题。语文教育培养学生人文素养和批判思维的功能被应试教育退化。近年来,我国高考语文在推进材料作文改革,意图引导学校重视学生思辨能力、表达能力培养,但从多年改革实践看,材料作文被不少教师和学生,依旧用宿构、套题应付。

不仅语文教育如此,历史、道德与法治教育,也突出知识教育。像道德和法治教育,评价学生学得如何,不是评价现实中的道德修养、遵纪守法,而是采取书面考核的方式,这就存在一个悖论:如果一名学生用作弊的手段(没被发现)获得道德考试的高分,他的道德课学得好还是不好?这类评价,就应该实行综合素质评价,要结合学生日常表现,进行客观的个性化评价。而道德和法治教育,说到底是生活教育,而非停留在书面上的教育。

而要对学生实行综合素质评价,必须改革升学评价制度。我国在新高考、新中考改革中,都提到对学生进行综合素质评价,将其纳入中考、高考,但从具体操作看,由于录取基本只看考试分数,综合素质评价并不被重视。这要求进一步推进中高考制度改革,打破总分录取模式,建立多元评价体系,这样,基础教育才会扭转应试教育和唯分数论。在多元评价体系下,教材改革才会发挥更大作用。

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