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明确核损害赔偿制度基本要点

2017-08-31 04:10:41   中国青年网

本报讯 记者朱宁宁 8月28日下午,十二届全国人大常委会第二十九次会议对核安全法草案三审稿进行分组审议。审议中,关于核损害赔偿的条款成为多位委员关注的重点。

关于核损害赔偿,草案中主要有两处有所涉及。草案第十一条第二款规定:“公民、法人和其他组织依法享有获取核安全信息的权利,受到核损害的,有获得赔偿的权利。”草案第八十九条规定:“因核事故造成他人人身伤亡、财产损失或者环境损害的,核设置营运单位应当按照国家核损害责任制度承担赔偿责任,但能够证明损害是因战争、武装冲突、暴乱等情形或者受害人故意造成的除外。”“为核设施营运单位提供设备、工程以及服务等的单位不承担核损害赔偿责任。核设施营运单位与其对核损害赔偿责任有约定的,在承担赔偿责任后,可以按照约定追偿。”“核设施营运单位应当通过投保责任保险、参加互助机制等方式,作出适当的财务保证安排,确保能够及时、有效履行核损害赔偿责任。”

方新委员说:“由于核损害的特殊性,国际公约和一些国家在相关法律中,引入了不同于一般民事责任的法律原则。如严格责任原则、唯一责任原则、有限责任原则、责任豁免原则等。草案对责任豁免基本谈清楚了,但是对严格赔偿责任谈得不够。特别是第八十九条第三款关于赔偿制度的规定不到位。”她建议明确核损害赔偿制度的基本要点,例如,设立损害赔偿基金,强制责任保险和国家兜底责任等内容。

郑功成委员则建议将草案第八十九条第三款有关投保责任保险、参加互助机制的内容,挪到第二章第十五条作为第三款。“这个内容应当是核设施运营单位的法定义务条款,现在把它放在法律责任里面不太合适,应该挪到法定义务部分规范,即当核设施运营单位未尽到该项义务时,才有法律责任。”

对于草案中“但能够证明损害是因战争、武装冲突、暴乱等情形或者受害人故意造成的除外”这一规定,多位委员认为其在表述上有缺陷,不够严谨,建议继续斟酌。

“如果战争、武装冲突是由敌对的外国挑起的,并且使用了核武器,造成了严重的核损害。在这种情况下,我们必须旗帜鲜明地对施害的敌对国提出核损失赔偿的要求,这是合情合理合法的,对国家和公民来说也是必须的。”刘振来委员建议,草案“除外”的规定,在发生涉外核损害赔偿问题时如何处置应予以认真考虑。

黄献中委员也认为“除外”这一规定从法律的严密性来讲,容易产生歧义。“故意造成核设施事故显然不是一般的犯罪行为,是重大的犯罪行为,对这个责任的主体不存在赔偿问题,而是实施法律严惩问题。”他建议只要能够证明损害是因战争、武装冲突、暴乱等情形造成的即可以“除外”。

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