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“草”的文化
2017-08-28 09:07:00 中国青年网
今天一提到“草”,我们想到的高频词是“小草”“草根”。草以它的渺小、卑微留在我们的脑海中。当城市化的脚步迈得越来越矫健时,大自然的小草就离我们越来越远了。要亲近草的原生态,只能拿出专门的时间作为旅游的项目来完成。原本互不相同、分门别类的小草在现代人的观念中也渐渐地模糊起来,被统称为“草”。除了植物学家、中药师之外,大概没有谁再去关心它们的种属了。然而,如果我们把视线延伸向那遥远的古代,有关草的文化就会以丰满的姿态迎面而来。
我们的先人与草曾经亲密相伴,衣食住行、疾病死亡,生活的方方面面都少不了草的影子。草的古文字形就像草初生的样子,汉字系统中与草有关的字都由“草”组成。
原始时期的生活条件极其恶劣,我们的祖先除了猎取野兽充饥外,还要依靠采集植物生存。《说文》说:“菜,草之可食者。”“菜”由“草”和“采”两部分组成,表示采集人可吃的草。《诗经》中多见“葵”“藿”等可食草类的名称。也正是在那以草充饥的漫长岁月中,古人产生了有关农业与药的知识和经验。《淮南子·修务训》说:“神农乃始教民播种五谷……尝百草之滋味……当此之时,一日而遇七十毒。”“神农尝百草”是流传最广的传说,一日之内遇上七十种毒草,显然是以夸张的方式强调辨别药草的不易,但从中我们可以想见当时药物知识积累的过程。1973年长沙马王堆三号汉墓出土的《五十二病方》是目前已知的较早的医学专著,其中收药物247种,以植物为主。明代李时珍的《本草纲目》中,已把可用作药的草分为山草、芳草、阴草、毒草、蔓草、水草、石草、苔类、杂草等类,可见当时的药草知识已达到了很高的水平。
葛是一种多年生草本植物,古人用葛作原料制成布、做成衣。冬天以动物的皮御寒,夏天以葛做的布蔽体,因为动物皮和葛是那个年代生活中最易得到的材料,别无选择。用来挡雨的蓑最初也只是用草编的,所以“蓑”字部首为“草”。
杜甫《茅屋为秋风所破歌》说:“八月秋高风怒号,卷我屋上三重茅。”古人以茅草盖屋,也以茅草编成车盖,称作苫。此外,草也用来编制生活中的各种用具:“荐”是用柔韧的草茎编织的席子;“藉”是用草编的祭祀时陈列供品的草垫;“茵”是用草编的车垫。古人用芦苇的秆扎成火把称苣(炬),做成扫帚称“苕”,做饭用草作柴称“荛”。《周易》说:“古者葬,厚衣之以薪。”人死了,用草包裏一下弃置于野外沟壑之中,所以“葬”字部首为“草”。
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