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我国职业代际流动水平大幅提高(调查研究)

2017-08-28 05:16:53   中国青年网

职业决定着劳动者的收入并影响其个人发展前景,因而就业问题备受关注,人们希望有更公平的择业机会和更广阔的发展空间。职业的代际流动状况反映了社会的进步程度和社会阶层结构的发展变化。在传统社会,子承父业的现象比较多。在开放的现代社会,社会阶层的大门始终敞开,职业的代际流动日益增多。

改革开放以来,我国劳动力市场经历了由计划分配制度向市场配置人力资源制度的转型,人们的职业选择更加自由多样,体制机制性障碍越来越少,代际职业流动渠道越来越畅通。那么,在当代中国,职业的代际流动呈现怎样的趋势呢?

研究结果显示,近10年来我国劳动者职业向上流动逐渐成为常态。出生在职业层次较低家庭的人,有61%超越了父亲的职业层次。而在改革开放之初,这个比例仅有47%。父亲职业对子女职业选择的影响度从1978—1992年的6.1%降至2003—2013年的3.7%。这说明,新生代劳动者从事的职业与其父亲职业的联系越来越少,职业代际流动水平大幅提高。换句话说,新生代劳动者的职业选择不再像以往那样受到父辈职业和背景的影响,今天进入劳动力市场的劳动者比30多年前进入劳动力市场的劳动者拥有更多改变社会职业阶层的机会。

另一个发现是,在改革开放初期,女性代际职业继承比例显著高于男性,而且男性职业向上的流动性更高。这种性别上的职业流动差异,在20世纪90年代发生了改变:女性职业向上流动水平大幅提高,比父亲职业层次更高的女性比例稳定增加。自20世纪80年代开始,女性受教育程度和人力资本积累程度快速提高。这可能是之后女性职业向上流动水平大幅提高的主要原因。

可见,当代中国职业的代际流动性一直在增强,子承父业的现象正逐步减少。加快经济发展、提高教育水平、重视求职机会公平是一个国家提高代际职业流动性的主要途径。我国改革开放以后的代际职业流动水平提高,与经济腾飞、教育发展、社会流动加快密切相关。

由于地域发展不平衡以及行业发展特点不同,我国代际职业流动也具有明显的区域与行业差异。当前,应依据地域和行业的不同特征,采取相应对策促进就业机会平等、缩小收入差距、维护社会公平。一方面,应改革并消除就业方面的制度性障碍;另一方面,应完善劳动力市场,逐步健全科学合理的用人制度,保障公平的就业机会,畅通职业代际流动渠道,更好满足人民群众的发展愿望。

(作者为中国农业大学经济管理学院副教授)

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