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有的放矢应对“301调查”

2017-08-28 04:21:53   中国青年网

东艳 崔晓敏

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“301条款”的影响

“301条款”赋予美国总统甚至贸易代表以特权,使其可以直接越过国会对损害美国国家安全的行为采取制裁。一旦“301调查”结果成立,中国可能面临多产品、高额度的关税惩罚。美国曾对日本发起“301调查”,美日贸易摩擦终以1985年广场协议后美元大幅度贬值,日本经济陷入长达20余年的停滞收尾,贸易制裁的危害性可见一斑。

8月18日,美国贸易代表办公室发布声明,将根据贸易保护法第301条款启动对中国的调查,判断中国有关技术转让、知识产权和创新的法律或政策是否存在歧视性,以及是否对美国商业造成负担或限制。美方采取的单边主义和保护主义的做法,对中美经贸关系的稳定发展具有破坏作用。

盲目的贸易战只会导致双输

事实上,中美贸易问题特别是双边的贸易失衡问题,具有累积性和长期性,是国际生产分工、全球和区域价值链演进、中美经贸发展政策、宏观经济形势、产业周期、要素条件变化等多重因素共同导致的结果。强势而盲目的贸易战只会带来双输的结果。

首先,中美贸易结构具有较强的互补性。根据中美的要素禀赋,中国在出口劳动密集型产品上具有比较优势,而美国则在出口资本密集型产品上具有优势。在过去30多年中,美国对华货物贸易逆差主体也明显表现出了从以劳动密集型产品为主向以资本密集型产品为主转变的趋势。

其次,中国出口的国内附加值较低,对美国实际顺差并没有那么高。传统的贸易统计法以关境为基础,无法反映中国的真实贸易贡献。事实上,中国对美国的贸易顺差很大一部分为美国或其同盟国企业所得。值得注意的是,中国约有一半以上的贸易品为机电产品,同时2015年机电行业的加工贸易比重高达48%。因而传统分析方法可能大大高估了美国对华贸易逆差规模。

最后,美国对中国出口高科技产品上存在较大限制。根据美国《武器出口管制法》《出口管理法》和《出口管理条例》,诸如航空发动机、先进导航系统、激光器等中国具有巨大需求的高科技产品被限制出口。供给和需求的不匹配也是引发中美贸易逆差持续累积的重要原因。

美国并没有打贸易战的经济基础

中美产业关系的紧密性意味着,贸易战一旦爆发,美国不可能独善其身,而是可能落入“伤敌一千,自损八百”的局面,但这并不代表特朗普政府启动“301调查”只是虚张声势。

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