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污染环境罪中的“处置”该如何理解

2017-08-27 08:21:50   中国青年网

根据刑法第338条规定,环境污染罪是指违反国家规定,排放、倾倒或者处置有放射性的废物、含传染病病原体的废物、有毒物质或者其他有害物质,严重污染环境的行为。本罪的客观行为表现为“排放、倾倒或者处置”有毒有害物质。“排放、倾倒”系一种客观行为,较为容易理解和判断,主要依靠客观事实就可以直接认定。而“处置”从广义上讲包括“排放、倾倒”等在内的一切处理行为,但本罪刑法意义上的“处置”显然不是单纯的处理行为,必须具备严重的社会危害性。

当前,司法实践中对于“处置”的理解,主要存在“限制说”和“扩大说”两种,二者的根本区别在于“处置”是否必须与“排放、倾倒”在违法程度上相当,即三者之间是否属于并列关系。笔者认为,从解释方法来看,对“处置”作扩大解释较为适宜,其违法程度要低于“排放、倾倒”。具体理由如下:

“造成环境污染”系非法处置危险废物构成污染环境罪的必备要件。2017年1月1日施行的最高人民法院、最高人民检察院《关于办理环境污染刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(下称《解释》)第6条第1款明确规定,“无危险废物经营许可证从事收集、贮存、利用、处置危险废物经营活动,严重污染环境的,按照污染环境罪定罪处罚”,其表明非法处置危险废物不一定构成污染环境罪,只有“造成严重环境污染的”才能定罪。由于“倾倒、排放”行为直接作用于环境,造成的损害后果较为明显。所以,“倾倒、排放”行为,只要达到一定的数量、时间等要求,就可以直接判定为“严重污染环境”。而“处置”行为对环境产生的损害后果往往并不是直接的、可视的,且因果关系也较为复杂,需要进行综合评判,因此不宜将“处置”行为的违法程度与“排放、倾倒”行为的违法程度并列看待。否则,按照“排放、倾倒”行为危害性要求,将会导致很多实际属于污染环境的“处置”行为无法作为犯罪处理。同时,由于“收集、贮存、利用”等行为本身对环境直接污染程度要明显小于“排放、倾倒”行为本身对环境的直接污染程度。根据《解释》第6条的规定,既然从事“收集、贮存、利用”危险废物经营活动造成严重环境污染的,构成污染环境罪,那么从事“处置”行为在此处作为与其并列的表述,就没有理由要求其行为本身的违法程度要明显大于“收集、贮存、利用”行为,达到与“排放、倾倒”相当的违法程度。

将“处置”作扩大解释才能与其他环保行政法规保持一致。污染环境罪作为典型的行政犯,以“违反国家规定”为前提,所以,就相关重要立法用语表述,在刑法和行政法规之间应当保持一致,否则将导致法律适用混乱,也不利于行政执法与刑事司法衔接。根据《危险废物经营许可证管理办法》第31条的规定,“处置”包括了将危险废物焚烧、煅烧、熔融、烧结、裂解、中和、消毒、蒸馏、萃取、沉淀、过滤、拆解以及用其他改变危险废物物理、化学、生物特性等方法。可见,“处置”方式多种多样,其外延较广,所涵盖行为本身的社会危害性也不尽相同。如果将“处置”行为局限于焚烧等个别与“倾倒、排放”危害性相当的行为,将导致在司法实务中,由于“处置”手段的不同,即使造成相同的危害结果,有些行为也不能按污染环境罪定罪,只能对其进行行政处罚,这显然违背立法本意。

将“处置”解释为对物品的实质化处理,并没有超出“处置”本身的文义射程。根据社会大众一般认知,可以将“处置”解释为“对物品的实质化处理,以改变其本来所具备的部分特性,含有利用、废弃等处理安排,而非是简单的物理位置的变化或者数量的简单切割”。例如中和、萃取、拆解等行为能够引起危险废物的物理变化或者化学反应,达到使危险废物本身特性发生变化,因此将上述行为解释为“处置”,并未超出该用语可能具有的含义。

(作者单位:江苏省泰州市人民检察院)

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