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“一多不分”
2017-08-26 05:20:52 中国青年网
【国学动态】
“2017第七届国际儒学与中华文化跨文化讲习班”近日在山东曲阜举办。来自中国、英国、加拿大、美国、俄罗斯、泰国、新加坡等国家共45位学员参加学习,安乐哲、田辰山、王蓉蓉、汉斯·梅勒等教授授课,讲习班的核心内容是中国哲学的“一多不分”。
安乐哲教授指出,“一多不分”观指的是“一个生生不息”的“道”(整体性而非单一秩序)宇宙论。这个宇宙论讲述的事物,是全部信息性的,是一种特有中国“德”性的,一种从森林看树木式的;事物因为是从全体去看待它们的,都是有内在联系的。它们在时间上、空间上,在体用意义上,都是从不同角度对待同一件事物的方法,而不是割裂切开式地分析对待事物的方法。比如“美”,“一多不分”地看待,不是抽象概念的“客观美”,不是绝对不变的“美的本身”,而是具体、情势、特殊性、一定条件下的不可替代性的“美”。
“一多不分”是从“一多二元”反观而顿悟得到的意识。田辰山教授以“古希腊至启蒙思想家的‘一多二元’观”为题,介绍马基雅维利、柏拉图、亚里士多德、奥古斯丁、阿奎那、霍布斯、洛克、休谟、穆勒、康德、卢梭、黑格尔等共12位思想家,指出他们一代代传承的思想传统一以贯之的“一多二元”观。“一多二元”是对这样一个传统进行深刻理解的文化语义环境,亦称“阐释域境”(interpretive context)。这里的“一”,是假设推定的、外在凌驾于宇宙、高高在上、主宰宇宙的唯一超然绝对本源体;“多”是由此“唯一”单线单向创造或派生而出的一切“单子独立、本质个体”(包括人);“二元”指“唯一”与“多”之间、“单子个体”与“多”之间的矛盾、冲突以至发生单线单向的主宰与被主宰关系。田教授强调,这个“一多二元”语义环境很关键,如果去查这个文化语义环境的人的活法(其想法、做法和说法),大底都可查到背后隐含的“一多二元”的前提概想。田教授指出,今天讲儒学和中华文化的“一多不分”观特质,是由“一多二元”反观而顿悟所得的意识,正是没有自古希腊就有的“一多二元”观,没有“唯一超绝”与“个体二元对立”才与它对照阐释而提出的。“一多不分”与“一多二元”两个文化语义环境相比照阐释,这样也可以帮助人们找到更恰当、清楚的方式,去理解中西两个文化传统。反之,如果对“一多不分”与“一多二元”事先没有了解,只是简单从自己所在的文化揣摩对方,就会造成对他方文化理解的心理障碍。这种心理障碍现象其实比比皆是,已成为中西文化互相对待之必备的问题意识。从文化源头认识“一多不分”观,是在中华文化传统形成之哲学内核的宇宙观(亦称天地观)上去认识,也就是对照古希腊至现代“一多二元”宇宙观而反观的中国传统天地“一多不分”观。
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