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天下第一错字

2017-08-25 09:46:49   中国青年网

有一次,班里有个小女孩儿神秘兮兮地对我说:程老师,考考你呗?我冲她一笑:好啊,请说。“冒”字怎么写?我有点儿诧异:冒,上面一“曰”,下面一“目”啊。小姑娘乐了,特别高兴地说,老师,您错了。

对于“冒”字,我真没有认真注意过,我吐了吐舌头:真的啊,你快说说。小姑娘更快乐了:老师,“冒”上面不是“曰”,也不是“日”,而是这个。她一边在纸上写,一边说:是“冃”,里边的两横和两边都不相连。

回到办公室,我一查字典,还真是呢。再一查,居然有人称冒字为“天下第一错字”。有些常用字,我们太“熟悉”了,反而习焉不察,熟视无睹了,忽视了它们的写法。这“冒”字不会写,估计不仅仅老程自己吧。

接着,老程就做了点儿功课,翻书,查资料。

这个“冃”就读mào,它与“曰”的区别,正如小姑娘所说,里面的那两横不与别的笔画相连。古文字中的“冃”是个象形字,就是画了一顶古人的帽子,那两横是帽子上的装饰物。由“冃”组成的“冒”,上面是帽子,下面是眼睛,本义也是戴在头上的帽子,后引申出覆盖的意思。

最早的“帽”就是“冒”,并没有“巾”。因为一个“冒”字还表示别的义项,负担太重了,后来人们给“冒”加上“巾”,造出个形声字“帽”。“冒”专管“向外透出”等意义,“头上的帽子”这个意思交给“帽”专管。至此,我们可以看出“帽”字的演变历程:冃—冒—帽。

《汉语大字典》中没有单独列出冃部,把“冒”字归并到“日”部之下,这是不妥的;《现代汉语词典》有冃部,下收四字:冒、冔、勖、冕。

不常用的陌生字,人们还查查字典,问问别人,上网搜搜,可像“冒”这样的字,天天见面,反而不去注意它了。错在不知不觉中。

说到“冒”字了,就顺便说说感冒,也很有意思。

感冒是病,但任何一部古代中医典籍中都没有“感冒”一词。原来,“感冒”不是医学术语,而是来自官场,是一个官场专用语。

宋代有专门的机构分掌图书经籍、编修国史等事务,这些机构是昭文馆、史馆、集贤院三馆和秘阁、龙图阁等阁,通称“馆阁”。按照规定,馆阁中每天晚上要留一位官员值班,如果因故不能值班,就要在请假簿上写上这么一句:“腹肚不安,免宿。”

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