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题壁涂鸦有好诗(三)

2017-08-25 04:21:47   中国青年网

黄鹤楼崔颢题诗图浮雕

《水浒传》连环画封面

古代民间诗文难以发表,偶获传抄,辗转来去,范围毕竟有限,旅途中的文人墨客不忍诗文埋没,愿意借壁挥洒,在交流信息中寻求知音赏识,以存久远,这是中华文化的美好创意。虽然驿馆邮亭酒楼的诗文雅聚非常短暂难得,但在“能题是幸,得传是命”的古代,口传手抄后的各奔西东,就会自然形成辐射九州四野的传播渠道。有时民间流传的“风闻”,竟比“官闻”迅疾,所以题壁诗文的传播关系着德声艺名,历代文人墨客对题壁一般不会掉以轻心,偶有笔误或改易,因数日传远,恐已追回难及,故题壁总须意在笔先,斟酌再三,概以落笔不悔为上。

唐白居易《宿张云举院》五言排律后半首,有“夜深唯畏晓,坐稳不思眠。棋罢嫌无敌,诗成愧在前。明朝题壁上,谁得众人传”,那深夜不寐的辗转推敲,只为来日壁上的一次挥洒,确实慎重得很。东坡在杭州作的《见题壁》,有“狂吟跌宕无风雅,醉墨淋浪不整齐”,说的就是墙壁上那些静候知己观赏的留着原创痕迹的诗文涂鸦。创作诗文,无论优劣美丑总要问世;无论褒贬讽诵,都愿意倾听到一些反响回声。诗板或粉壁,类似今日黑板,题写或刷新都比较方便,以此提供发表交流的平台,应该算作吾国的发明。

题壁,盛行于唐宋元明。留意唐宋官宦、学者或诗人的旅迹,专检题壁诗一一读来,不难亲近题壁,发现精彩。据宋《二程外书》、明《升庵集》等,南宋理学家程颢监洛河竹木务时,经过一寺,见壁上题着三言诗“要不闷,依本分”二句,觉意味深长,赞为“好语”;认为“若依本分,便是君子”,做人能尽守本分,即是“一悟”,故六字区区,但对行旅匆匆的过客既是提醒,也是警钟长鸣。南宋“小东坡”唐庚于蜀道见馆舍壁上有“天不生仲尼,万古如长夜”十字,以为平淡奇警。想来也是,至理昭昭,人非不知,因苦多蓄积,总须贤哲一快吐之,则天下拊掌。明代杨慎(升庵)在蜀道古栈旧壁,读到过一位别号砚沼的无名氏题壁诗,诗曰“休洗红,洗多红在水。新红裁作衣,旧红翻作里。回黄转绿无定期,世事返复君所知”,借物引喻,娓娓道出世间新情旧意的变化无常,矫然入理,况且题于栈壁,警诫行人莫放浪掷情,意味殊自不凡。书者称“古乐府一首”,倒也相符,只是元郭茂倩辑《乐府诗集》未见,疑是遗篇。杨慎认为,唐李贺有“休洗红,洗多颜色淡。卿卿骋少年,昨夜殷桥见。封侯早归来,莫作弦上箭”二十八字诗,虽然比那无名氏诗精简四字,但蕴藉差远,“何啻千里”。

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