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无人机管理漏洞应早日填补

2017-08-24 17:26:26   中国青年网

□ 堂吉伟德

“8月19日,距黄花机场跑道延长线3公里处,一架无人机与客机擦肩而过,迫使黄花机场停飞半小时!飞手尚未找到!如犯错,请自首!不要因此影响整个湖南!”近两天,湖南长沙一些无人机爱好者都在朋友圈转发这样一段话。记者核实得知,8月19日上午,确实有一架无人机入侵了长沙黄花机场净空保护区,导致机场紧急停飞半小时,13趟航班的起降受到影响(8月23日《澎湃新闻》)。

受空中管制等多重因素的影响,国内航班的正点率一直为人诟病,如今加上无人机的侵扰,这一状况更加恶化。一架无人机进入机场净空保护区,不仅危及飞行安全,还直接导致13趟航班起降受到影响。需要重视的是,无人机“黑飞”已到了十分泛滥的地步。比如今年4月,在不到一周的时间里,成都双流国际机场竟先后4次遭遇无人机干扰民航事件,造成近百架航班延误,上万名旅客出行受阻被滞留机场。除此之外,全国多个机场都曾发生过无人机干扰空域的事件。如何管理无人机“黑飞”行为,已成为当下不容回避的问题。

据民航部门公布的数据显示,2015年全国共发生无人机干扰民航飞行事件4起,2016年则发生23起。可以肯定的是,若不能加以预防和管理,无人机干预民航的事态将会更加严重。然而,与无人机侵扰机场的高发态势相比,对无人机的管理几乎处于真空之态。无人机作为一项新生事物,谁来监管、如何监管我们都没有找到确切答案,管理无人机还是一个亟待解决的新课题。

对无人机监管的滞后性,主要体现在以下几个方面:一是立法上的缺陷。除了《民用无人机驾驶员管理规定》和《民用无人驾驶航空器系统空中交通管理办法》等规范性文件和一些零星的规定,对无人机等航空器的立法并不到位,约束“黑飞”行为缺乏法律依据。既没有对无人机的种类、重量、飞行高度、飞行时间、飞行区域等作出明确的界定,也没有对无人机飞行的申请程序诸如向谁申请、如何申请、谁来管控,制定出具有操作性的标准。

二是管理主体上的缺陷。除了行业协会和公安部门外,现行的法律规范并没有明确无人机的具体管理部门。公安、交警、航空部门、空管机构都各司其职,但没有一个明确具体的牵头部门。厘清无人机的主管机构,让其真正做到事情有人管、工作有人抓,才能避免主体不明确带来的管理混乱。

三是手段上的单一性。现行的监管手段往往处于事后监管,而少了事前的防控与事中的干预。从管理上讲,技术手段已经成熟,“电子围栏”可以有效避免无人机越界。若能在技术上补强,对于管理“技术为本”的无人机,可以提高技术防控的效率。此外,无人机的管理是一个系统性工程,涵盖生产、适航、注册、审批、飞行等多个环节,若能就每个环节都予以强化,实行链条式、连环式的监管,既有明确的分工又能进行全面的合作,无人机的管理才会真正见到效果。

一般意义上,法无禁止便可为。法律无约束,行为则无边界。无人机逼停航班的管理真空应早日填补,首要之举就是应充分意识到“黑飞”所导致的巨大安全隐患和秩序破坏,在进一步提高对其防控的重要性、紧迫性认识的基础上,厘清无人机归管部门的权责。明确了责任主体,解决了“谁来管”的前置性问题,后续“怎么管”和“管得怎么样”的问题,才能次第得到解决。

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