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种族矛盾,竟是美国卸不下的枷锁(钟声)

2017-08-24 05:16:12   中国青年网

那些“天赋人权”“人人生而平等”的梦想,在美国很多地方依然难以安放。究竟是人心的不情愿,还是制度的无能?

8月23日,联合国消除种族歧视委员会发表声明,敦促美国及其领导人“毫不含糊且无条件地”拒绝和谴责其境内的种族仇恨言行,强调种族主义、白人至上思想“违背了建立在尊严和平等基础上的核心人权准则”,呼吁美国解决种族仇恨言行在美国持续扩散的“深层次原因”。

十几天前以弗吉尼亚州夏洛茨维尔市暴力冲突为肇始,美国白人至上主义者和新纳粹势力走到台前,让美国社会的撕裂面貌昭然于世。暴力示威引发连锁反应,白人种族主义者与反种族主义者、右翼与左翼之间的对抗性示威,在波士顿、新奥尔良、达拉斯、休斯敦、孟菲斯等地轮番上演。有人将种族问题称为“美国社会的脓疮”,在早已废除丑陋的种族隔离制度的今天,这个脓疮依旧在朝着复杂和恶化的方向发展,凸显当今美国政治、经济之困。

美国的种族问题长期存在。上世纪60年代,美国黑人民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金发表著名演讲《我有一个梦想》,为黑人争取平等公民权而奔走疾呼。谁能想到,在美国《民权法案》签署53年后,在美国黑人奴隶制被废除152年后,美国白人至上主义依然能够沉渣泛起,公然挑战“政治正确”,公然挑战已写入《联合国宪章》的种族平等原则。

最近发生在夏洛茨维尔市的暴力冲突,主角由少数族裔变成了白人,但不变的是美国社会种族关系紧张这一长期现实。70多年前,瑞典著名学者冈纳·默达尔出版《美国的困境》一书,指出美国的困境在于美国信条与种族不平等现实之间的矛盾,要解决这种矛盾,联邦政府应该起带头作用。但时至今日,自认制度优越的美国,迟迟找不到解决种族问题的办法。盖洛普咨询公司今年的民调显示,42%的美国人对种族关系非常担忧。

种族问题凸显美国深刻的政治经济结构性困境。自20世纪70年代以来,美国经济不平等程度不断攀升。去年,美国家庭收入基尼系数达0.45,不仅远超0.4的警戒线,在主要发达国家中也是最高的。美国黑人的弱势经济和社会地位依旧,白人蓝领阶层的际遇也难以改善。收入长期停滞、就业岗位缺失、不稳定感增加,都加剧了排外情绪与种族主义倾向,为白人至上主义死灰复燃提供了土壤。

用美国政治学家弗朗西斯·福山的话说,美国政治中的妥协与共识已被“否决政治”取代。政治极化让共和党与民主党几乎在所有社会经济议题上陷入对抗,《今日美国报》对此作出的评论指出,党派偏见和政治仇恨在美国急剧上升。其后果是社会矛盾越积越多,政府威信势必受损。在这种政治氛围下,种族主义、反移民、反自由贸易、反多样文化等“非政治正确”声音日渐嘈杂。

夏洛茨维尔事件,只是贯穿美国历史种族问题的最新一幕,而种族仇恨的激化,日益演变为困住美国的枷锁。值得关注的是,种族平等,于美国而言只不过是一个十分脆弱的概念——貌似有法律依据,但远远没有化作足够普遍的现实。那些“天赋人权”“人人生而平等”的梦想,在美国很多地方依然难以安放。究竟是人心的不情愿,还是制度的无能?美国的确应当扪心自问。找不到答案,便走不出困局。

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