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新技术“亮剑” 胆总管结石免“T”管之苦

2017-08-23 10:09:10   中国青年网

肝胆外科主任江帆在腔镜下做手术

女白领拒绝T管引流

“三镜”联合取出复杂胆结石

32岁的林女士是一家银行大堂经理。两年前她突然腹痛不已,尽管之后一直隐隐作痛,但还能忍受,怕麻烦懒得上医院。上周四,正上班的林女士突然腹痛如刀绞,还不停呕吐,被同事就近送到市普仁医院。检查确诊是胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,肝功能已出现异常,必须马上手术。“带着T管我怎么工作呀?”林女士听到医生说,不但要开腹还要在肚子上带根管子,当即拒绝手术。

耐心沟通后,肝胆外科团队决定用免T管技术为林女士取石。通过腹腔镜下胆囊切除+胆总管切开胆道镜取石+鼻胆管引流,彻底清除了胆囊和胆总管结石。术后,林女士肚子上仅留下有4个绿豆大小的孔。江帆介绍,一般患者两种内镜就可以取石,内镜下显示林女士的胆囊管变异,胆总管扩张也不明显,常规手术方式根本行不通,反复评估病情后,采用“三镜”联合的方式取石。

“现在虽说都是微创手术,但是大部分人出院时肚子上要带个管子回家。”江帆透露,通过改良技术后,目前科里90%的患者术后都不需要带T管,避免了很多不便和并发症,也不需要再次住院拔管。

神奇 “口中取石”

“口中取石”也叫十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石术,医生从病人口中插入内镜经过胃到十二指肠,找到十二指肠乳头,然后用特制的乳头切开刀将乳头括约肌切开,将结石取出。江帆透露,这种手术无需切开胆管,也不必留置T管,代替了传统胆囊切除胆总管切开取石T管引流术。对于合并有急性胆管炎的患者,还可以快速解决胆管梗阻,通畅引流。

需注意的是,十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石破坏了十二指肠乳头括约肌的完整,容易引起肠液反流。手术对医生要求极高,必须进行严格评估。

成熟 经胆囊管胆总管取石术

经胆总管切开取石是治疗胆总管结石最有效的方法,但是存在胆漏和胆管狭窄的风险。江帆说,腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管探查术既能避免胆总管切开和留置T管所造成的损伤和并发症,也可以完全避免切开十二指肠乳头括约肌后造成的不可逆损伤。

目前,这项技术已经非常成熟,大大缩短了患者的住院时间。不过,也受很多因素影响。当患者胆囊管较细、胆囊管汇合与胆总管汇合角度偏小时,镜子很难进入。对肝总管或者合并肝内胆管结石的患者并不适合。

创新 胆总管切开取石后一期缝合

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石后一期缝合是胆道外科的一个划时代发展。江帆介绍,这种手术方式既保护了十二指肠乳头括约肌功能,又避免了长期留置T管胆汁外引流所带来的一系列弊端,保证了正常的胆汁循环,减少了胆道感染的机会。在手术期间、术后住院期间、治疗费用、术后胆源性腹膜炎发病率等方面都具有明显优势。

复杂 “三镜联合”

胆总管切开取石后一期缝合术因其微创、安全已经成为目前治疗胆结石的首选方式,但是对于部分胆总管扩张不明显,直径在0.8cm以下,不满足胆总管切开取石后行一期缝合条件者,可以考虑留置鼻胆管引流后再行一期缝合术。

开展“三镜联合”手术要求极高,外科医生和内镜医生必须同步配合,该技术的开展直接反映了胆石病微创技术的整体水平。

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