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商家发卡跑路,能否立规矩管住

2017-08-23 08:16:36   中国青年网

■本报记者 王海燕 通讯员 詹顺婉

金钱豹倒闭、代官山关门,近年来预付卡发行商家接连上演“先收钱后跑路”的套路,关于单用途预付卡立法的呼声也日益高涨。记者从21日举行的市人大立法调研座谈会获悉,目前,相关法规建议稿已初具雏形,但对如何监管、监管主体等核心问题,各方仍存有较大争议。要立法管住“金钱豹”这样的商家,地方立法有无这个权限呢?

监管措施需避免立法冲突

从市人大历次调研情况看,目前,单用途预付卡监管路径主要集中在两方面:扎紧前端“藩篱”,通过设置发卡门槛,规定只有达到规模以上经营企业才能有发卡许可;加强事中监管,通过对预收资金流向的实时监控与管理,避免恶意“圈钱”跑路的发生。

无论是哪种措施,都意味着现有预付卡发行模式将被套上“紧箍咒”,商家不得为所欲为。因此有观点认为,对预付卡的监管涉嫌侵犯企业的经营自主权。

“预付卡发行的本质是一种商家与消费者的合同契约行为,属于民事法律关系的范畴,而对于民事合同效力规定的立法位阶是法律和行政法规,不属于地方立法权限范围。地方立法对其进行规制,有可能侵犯民事基本权利。”座谈会上,有法律专家提出,预付卡立法需要谨慎,避免僭越立法权限。

法学专家张忠玉对此表示,“此次立法的现实语境是,由于前期监管失灵,导致预付卡消费纠纷频发。从这个意义上说,地方立法对预付卡发行进行监管,符合消法和物权法的精神和原则,并不存在与上位法冲突的问题。”张忠玉同时表示,在具体监管措施设置中,如何规避与现有法律形成冲突,也的确是本次立法中值得关注的问题。

发卡门槛不能“一刀切”

预付卡怎么管?是本次立法的核心问题。无论是设置发卡门槛还是把控预收资金流向,在现实操作中都将面临如何落地的问题。

“对于门槛的设置,究竟达到多少规模的企业才能发卡?”市人大代表盛雷鸣指出,由于单用途预付卡发卡主体涉及各行业,行业属性不同,经营业态也不同,很难用“一刀切”的方式设置量化标准。而“与其经营规模相符”的表述又过于笼统,缺乏硬性约束力。

于是,有与会者提出,让商业银行参与对企业预收资金用途进行限制、实施监管,不失为一种有效手段。

对此,市金融办合作处副处长高扬指出,与多用途预付卡不同,单用途预付卡单笔资金规模小,交易数量多,对其监管,银行方面势必要投入大量人力物力,是否可操作,是个问题。

立法要体现行刑衔接

除了加强事前、事中监管,加强事后的追责处罚,是另一种观点。

“尽管法规草案设置了一系列监管措施,但能否落地、是否有效,仍然存疑。”市人大代表盛雷鸣指出,从既发的预付卡纠纷案件来看,主要有两种情况,一种是商家经营不善,企业倒闭,导致无法履行对消费者服务合同;另一种是经营者通过寅吃卯粮的圈钱方式,恶意卷款跑路。“如果是前一种情况,可以按照破产法等程序,而后一种行为则构成诈骗罪,可以追究其刑事责任。”

“单用途预付卡消费维权的特点是小而散,往往单笔金额不高,却数量很大,而且诉讼程序繁琐。”市人大代表钱翊樑认为,立法要进一步体现行刑衔接,对于一些金额巨大、涉众面广的案件,公安部门应及时介入,且调查结果向公众披露。

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