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人工智能,以法律和伦理为界(人民时评)

2017-08-23 06:21:49   中国青年网

通过对人工智能相关法律、伦理和社会问题的深入探讨,为智能社会划出法律和伦理道德的边界,让人工智能服务人类社会

得益于中国在互联网、大数据、云计算等领域的卓著进步,人工智能在国内发展迅猛。8月23日,以“创新创业创造,迎接智能社会”为主题的2017世界机器人大会,在北京亦创国际会展中心正式开幕。在可以预见的未来,中国的人工智能产业将在自动驾驶、智慧医疗、智慧金融、机器人等领域获得蓬勃发展。

从娱乐、出行到支付手段,人工智能悄然改变着我们的生活。今年7月,国务院印发了《新一代人工智能发展规划》,指出人工智能成为国际竞争的新焦点、经济发展的新引擎,带来社会建设的新机遇,同时人工智能发展的不确定性也带来新挑战。在这些新挑战中,最令普通人关注的,或许就是人工智能时代的“人机关系”:高阶人工智能有没有失控风险?未来的机器会不会挑战人类社会的秩序,甚至获得自主塑造和控制未来的能力?随着人工智能日新月异的发展,很多人有了这样的担心。

高阶人工智能带来福祉还是挑战,是许多文学、电影、哲学作品不断探讨的主题。近年来大众传播对人工智能的关注,无形中也加重了人们对“人机关系”的焦虑。以音源库和全息投影技术为支撑的“二次元”虚拟偶像上台劲歌热舞,人工智能用人脸识别技术与深度学习能力挑战人类记忆高手,“阿尔法狗”击败各国围棋大师,攻占了人类智力游戏的高地……尤其是一些以“人机对战”为噱头的综艺节目,通过混淆人工智能的概念,人为渲染了一种人机之间紧张的对立气氛,既无必要,也缺乏科学性。

事实上,现在所有人工智能仍属于在“图灵测试”概念下界定的“智能”,无论是将要盛行的根据神经网络算法的翻译程序,抑或是基于量子计算理论的各种模型,在未来很长时间内都将是从属于人类的工具。作家韩少功提出了“当机器人成立作家协会”的有趣假设,从文学的角度解释了自己对于人机对立关系的看法。他认为价值观才是人类最终的特点和优势,人工智能的发展,应该促使人们对自身存在的本质进行更加深刻的探索,并坚定人类本身的存在价值。

尽管如此,行将迈入人工智能时代,我们仍需谨慎界定人机之间的关系格局。国务院在《新一代人工智能发展规划》中提出,“建立人工智能法律法规、伦理规范和政策体系,形成人工智能安全评估和管控能力”。未来,应通过对人工智能相关法律、伦理和社会问题的深入探讨,为智能社会划出法律和伦理道德的边界,让人工智能服务人类社会。这也是世界范围内的一项共识。今年初,麻省理工学院媒体实验室和哈佛大学伯克曼·克莱因互联网与社会研究中心合作推出了AI伦理研究计划,微软、谷歌等巨头也因人工智能的发展风险而成立了AI伦理委员会。越来越多的机器人专家呼吁,在机器人和自动化系统上安装“道德黑匣子”以记录机器的决定与行为。人们已经意识到,人工智能的发展应该以人类社会的稳定与福祉为前提。

中国在人工智能领域发展迅猛,在未来构建人机关系格局上,也应发挥中国传统文化的优势。面对高阶人工智能,既要通过法律和政策予以规范,也要用文明和伦理赋予其更多开放的弹性。在这方面,相信中国文明传统会比偏重逻辑与实证的西方文明传统更有用武之地,更有助于开拓兼顾科技与人文的“中国智造”。

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