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西方利益集团何以陷入恶性政治博弈
2017-08-22 15:26:45 中国青年网
原标题:西方利益集团何以陷入恶性政治博弈
在当今西方国家中,利益集团尤为活跃,它们积极参与到政府决策的政治进程当中,成为西方政治生活中引人注目的现象。然而,利益集团政治不仅会带来决策进程的不透明及由政治交易而产生的腐败,利益集团之间的相互博弈还会造成议而不决、扯皮现象突出,从而影响到西方国家的决策效率。
利益集团政治是西方民主制的突出特点
西方国家中,广泛存在大量的利益集团。利益集团动员其成员,引导甚至是塑造舆论,游说和施压官员,以期影响政府决策,谋求自身的政治经济利益。与其他西方国家相比,在美国的政治生活中,利益集团更加活跃,更有组织性,也更具影响力。利益集团是“美国政治进程中十分重要的因素”。与以前相比,政治生活中其他的政治角色特别是政党的作用正在被削弱,因而利益集团组织也更有影响力。
通常来讲,利益集团在单一问题上有较大影响。当利益集团在某一问题上的立场没有受到其他压力的对峙,而且当议会对某一政策介入较深时,利益集团的影响也会相应增大。利益集团有时的目的在于维持现状,即保持原有的政策,这比寻求政府改变政策成功的可能性要大得多。
利益集团政治是西方民主制的重要组成部分。利益集团代表组织成员利益、反映公众意愿,起到公民和政府之间的桥梁作用。在决策过程中,利益集团往往扮演重要的角色。首先是提出问题,游说政府官员或议员,推动政府议事日程的确立。其次是进行调研,提出政策设想,拟定各种政策方案。三是游说施压政府,推动政府部门关注利益集团的诉求。四是监督政府的工作,特别是利益集团所推动的政策执行进程。五是对政府推行政策的效果进行评估、引导甚至是塑造社会舆论。
利益集团在政治过程中的影响力,取决于利益集团自身的运作能力,取决于利益集团对所掌控资源的有效分配和利用。许多利益集团通过有组织、持续不断的游说,在政策制定过程中发现和寻找自身利益的代言人。利益集团会参与政府决策过程,由于利益之间的差异甚至是冲突,使得不会有任何一个利益集团具有主导的地位,这样政府将扮演利益冲突的协调者,也有助于政府听取各方的意见和诉求,使得决策不致于过于偏斜,导致决策的重大失误。这种多元集团的理念可以使得集团政治和民主价值相互交融,从而实现民主政治的理想。
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