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警惕以PPP形式变相扩大地方政府债务

2017-08-22 05:21:50   中国青年网

至2016年年底,我国省、市、县三级地方政府负有偿还责任的债务余额达15.3万亿元,债务规模的扩大对地方政府的清偿能力构成了一定的考验。有研究表明,高规模的政府债务可能会限制一国反周期的财政政策,从而导致经济的高波动性和未来的低经济增长率。为了控制政府债务规模增速,确保债务举借与城市化需求相适应,防范地方政府债务风险,2014年以来,中央开始严格控制地方政府性债务规模。新修订实施的《预算法》和国务院《关于加强政府债务管理的通知》(国发〔2014〕43号)明确规定,除国务院批准地方发行政府债券筹集公益性资本支出所需资金外,禁止地方政府以其他方式新增政府债务。3年来,强化地方政府债务管理工作取得了明显效果,严控了地方债务总体规模,建立了地方政府债券发行和分配管理机制,使地方财政运行风险可测可控。同时,通过发行置换债券,2015—2016年置换原有地方债务7.4万亿元,既让原政府债权人回笼了久拖不还的欠账资金,救活了一大批民营企业,也大幅减轻了地方政府的偿本付息成本,使地方政府债务利息成本下降50%以上。

在收紧地方政府性债务管理后,以市场机制为主导的PPP模式在我国地方政府公益性基础设施建设中发挥了较大作用。所谓PPP(Public-Private-Partnership),是指在本应由政府提供公共服务的领域,政府部门采取竞争性方式,择优选取具备投资、运营管理能力的社会资本,双方按照平等协商的原则订立合作协议,由社会资本组织提供公共服务,政府对该服务给予一定市场定价,或者按照市场公允价格向社会资本支付服务费用的一种合作方式。PPP项目广泛应用于纯公共领域或者准公共领域,如敬老院、交通基础设施、污水处理厂、公园建设等。地方政府和社会资本对PPP参与度、重视度都很高,地方政府出于提供公共服务的目标,认为社会资本的投入既能提高本地区投资水平,拉动经济发展,也可以进一步提升本地区公共服务水平,对政府、社会、公民都有益。而社会资本积极参与PPP的原因在于,我国社会资本的构成不仅仅是私人资金,更多的是以银行为主体的金融企业,在国家严格控制政府性债务管理,金融企业原先通过向地方政府放贷获取盈利的模式逐步走不通之后,将资金投入政府公益性项目,可以使投资的安全性和收益性维持在相对较高的水平。

然而,由于以金融业为主体的社会资本“通过存贷差盈利”的思想没有根本性转变,加上部分地方政府急功近利驱动,目前PPP项目运作中出现了一些变相举借政府债务的行为,对地方政府的平稳运行带来了一定风险。从理论上讲,规范的PPP模式,是由社会资本负责提供必要的公共服务,政府、社会公众通过一定时期的合理定价或购买公共服务,保障社会资本的合理收益,其中社会资本也相应承担一定的投资风险。但在部分PPP项目落地中,社会资本只履行了对公益性基础设施建设出资的责任,并没有负责公益设施的运营以及相应公共服务的提供,这就与PPP的运营方式有一定差异。另外,还有部分地方政府采用逐年回购公益性产品或服务的方式返还社会资本的投资,并明确社会资本的最低收益率,这就使得购买服务更像是定期偿还本金。这些不规范的PPP项目,有几个显著的特点:一是社会资本不参与PPP项目的设计、规划、建设以及运营的全过程,更多的是直接向地方政府提供金融资本;二是社会资本不负责公益性项目的运营和公共服务的提供;三是政府承诺未来的还款期限,以及社会资本一定的收益率,从而形成了政府固定支付的义务。

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