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黄道周与邺山书院

2017-08-21 09:56:50   中国青年网

黄道周(1585-1646年),是漳州先贤、明末大儒。他少年时立志苦读,博览群书;为官时直言敢谏,风骨凛然;明清易代之际受命于危难,舍生取义,表现出一位儒者高尚的道德节操。好友徐霞客给予他极高的评价:“至人惟一石斋。其字画为馆阁第一,文章为国朝第一,人品为海宇第一,其学问直接周孔,为古今第一。”

明末的讲学

讲学为儒家之传统。孔子说过:“德之不修,学之不讲,闻义不能徙,不善不能改,是吾忧也。”(《论语·述而》)其中“讲学”正是儒学传授的一个重要环节。讲学是被儒者当作卫道、传道的重要途径。正式的书院讲学则始于宋代,宋儒大多创建书院以讲学明道,其中朱熹是最重视书院讲学的大儒,他创办、重修了白鹿洞书院、岳麓书院、寒泉精舍等诸多教育场所。朱熹曾知漳一年,《漳州府志·宦绩一·朱熹》载,他“每旬之二日必领官属下州学,视诸生,讲小学,为正其义;六日下县学,亦如之”。黄道周生于漳郡,受朱子的影响很大。而晚明恶劣的政治生态,使他不愿意也不可能长久在朝,他“通籍二十载,历俸未三年”(《黄漳浦集》卷三《感恩疏》),有更多的时间用于栖迟山林,讲学授业。

而讲学的风气在明代极为盛行。黄宗羲《明儒学案·序》说:“有明事功文章,未必能越前代;至于讲学,余妄谓过之。”特别是明代中晚期以来,王守仁极为重视借讲学宣扬其学说,掀起了一波以阳明学为主流的讲学浪潮;而以顾宪成、高攀龙为首的东林学派则通过讲学号召士人回归程朱,试图挽回世道人心,在历史上留下了浓重的一笔。与黄道周并称“明末两大儒”的刘宗周讲学于山阴(今绍兴)蕺山,形成“慎独”之学;而当时黄道周也在福建漳州榕坛、浙江余杭大涤书院等处举行较大规模的讲学,《明史》本传称“道周学贯古今,所至学者云集”。其中,漳浦明诚堂、漳州邺山书院即为其晚年最重要的讲学场所。

黄道周在邺山书院

邺山位于漳州江东桥西侧、北溪之滨,临江背山,环境清幽,风景秀丽,适合作为讲学授业之所,与黄道周夫人蔡玉卿娘家亦相距不远。因此黄道周在崇祯六年(1633年)就打算在此处建书院,后来因故未成。

崇祯十六年五月,黄道周开始正式营建邺山书院,直至崇祯十七年八月底竣工,先后建成三近、与善、乐性三堂及其他楼亭馆舍共十余处建筑。其中与善堂为先圣先贤之神堂,堂名当兼取《孟子》“与人为善”及《大学》“止于至善”之意,前楹奉祀朱熹及陈淳、黄榦、王遇、高登、陈真晟、周瑛、林魁、蔡烈九人,称为“九先生”,从中也可以看出漳州儒学的发展脉络。而三近堂、乐性堂是讲学之地,黄道周在此二堂共讲学三次。

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