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叔孙豹的拜与不拜

2017-08-21 09:56:46   中国青年网

公元前569年,鲁国副卿叔孙豹前往晋国拜访。晋国是当时的大国,常常对中小国家傲慢无礼。不过,由于早闻叔孙豹博学,晋君一反常态,热情设宴招待他,席间,为活跃气氛,特意献上乐歌。

按礼数,主人在为客人献乐歌时,每曲终了,客人都要施礼,以示对主人热情招待的感谢。晋国的乐师们先演奏了古乐《肆夏》三章,但叔孙豹坐在那里无动于衷;接着是唱歌加伴奏的《文王》三曲,歌者唱完后,叔孙豹依旧没有反应,坐在一旁的晋国大臣们觉得叔孙豹缺乏诚意,纷纷侧目;但及至《鹿鸣》三阕,每阕刚一唱完,叔孙豹都要拜谢,并且每次都庄重地连拜三次。

叔孙豹的举止,令晋君深感不解,便问:“我们献上乐歌以示敬重,可您对规格高的乐歌没有表示,却对规格低的乐歌连连拜谢,请问这是什么原因?”

叔孙豹心平气和地说道:“前两首乐歌规格高,我不过一介使臣,没有资格受用。《肆夏》是天子设宴招待诸侯国君时用的,使臣不敢听。《文王》是两国国君相见时的音乐,使臣亦不敢与闻。《鹿鸣》的三阕中,第一阕《鹿鸣》是主人咏赞宾客的乐歌,表示贵国对敝国的友好情谊,使臣岂敢不代敝国国君表示谢意?第二阕《四牡》是君王慰劳使臣的乐歌,使臣岂敢不拜谢?第三阕《皇皇者华》,歌词中饱蕴着君王对使臣的教导,使臣岂敢不虔诚拜谢?”

一席话让晋国君臣对叔孙豹佩服至极,既佩服他渊博精深的学识,更佩服他高尚的人品。叔孙豹身处异国,对待宴会所奏乐歌这一细节时,仍能持身以正,恪守礼法制度,固守自己的本分和外事交往的规则,这正是叔孙豹的智慧和过人之处。(李晓亮)

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