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清心治本话包拯

2017-08-21 09:56:48   中国青年网

提起包拯,马上会想到那个铁面无私的青天形象,它作为一种民族记忆长存人们心间。可是,很少有人知道,包拯还是一位治家能手,他留下的孝肃家风穿越千年、万古流芳。

999年,包拯出生在素有“东乡出相,西乡出将”之称的合肥。包拯的父亲包令仪刻苦读书、考取功名、为官做人的经历给这位独子指明了一条读书、科举、报国的人生道路。少年包拯在耳濡目染之中勤奋好学,熟读《诗》《书》等儒家经典,逐步形成了自己的人生理想和行为准则。

29岁那年包拯考中进士后,因为父母不愿意随其赴任,包拯竟然作出一个大胆的决定:辞官回乡,侍奉双亲。

双亲去世后,39岁的包拯奋笔写下了一首明志诗:“清心为治本,直道是身谋。秀干终成栋,精钢不作钩。仓充鼠雀喜,草尽狐兔愁。史册有遗训,毋贻来者羞。”他以清心治本,以直道谋身,留下了传唱千古的佳话,其中最著名的当属“不持一砚归”的故事。1042年,任知端州三年期满的包拯即将乘船离开,端州百姓为了表达他们对包拯的感激,送给他一方端砚。手下人见是一方砚台,并非金银珠宝,便收下了。船出羚羊峡,刚行至江中不久,包拯发现了砚台,严厉申斥了手下,并将这方端砚抛入江中,表示还于端州。

包拯尤其痛恨贪官污吏,每每弹劾贪官,他都喜欢引用范仲淹“一家哭何如一路哭”的名言。他认为惩罚一个贪官虽然引起他一家哭,但不惩罚贪官,则一方百姓就要哭了。在给皇帝的《乞不用赃吏疏》中,包拯更是慷慨直言:“廉者,民之表也。贪者,民之贼也。”由此可见,包拯嫉恶如仇的秉性。

包拯的谥号为“孝肃”,这一点不只体现在他为官刚正不阿、法度修明、身正服人等品德中,也充分体现在了他留下的37字家训中间:

“后世子孙仕宦,有犯赃滥者,不得放归本家;亡殁之后,不得葬于大茔之中。不从吾志,非吾子孙。”

寥寥数语,透出一股冷峻,干脆果断得没有讨价还价的余地,让子孙后代不敢有半点非分之想。

包拯的儿子包绶一生秉持“清苦守节,廉白是务”的准则,他去世时,人们打开他随身携带的箱囊,发现除了诰命、书籍、著述和文具外,再也没有值钱的东西。包拯的孙子包永年被人评价为“莅官临事,廉清不扰,而孝肃公之遗风余烈在也”。这些都说明了包氏子孙一直恪守家训、居官清廉。包拯的第29代孙,“华人世界船王”包玉刚,也将“建设家乡、热爱祖国”的父训铭记在心,刻之于石。

如今的安徽省九华山脚下的祠堂村,居住着2000多名包氏子孙。每年的家祭日,包氏后人都聚集在包家祠堂里,由最年长的老人主持,进行一场祭祀。祭祀的重要环节之一,是所有的包氏后人一起大声诵读老祖宗包拯留下的家训。

这是一种仪式,更是一种缅怀。作为包拯的后人,他们不能忘,也从不敢忘记祖宗留下的家训。(刘绪义)

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