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共享单车投放,也需来个“宏观调控”

2017-08-20 05:16:32   中国青年网

近段时间,各地纷纷出台规定,限制共享单车新增投放车辆。18日,上海市交通委向各共享自行车企业下达了告知书,明确告知从即日起在上海暂停新增投放车辆,上海市交通委指出,当前共享自行车企业为抢占市场份额,急进投放,疏于线下运维管理,造成本市共享自行车过度投放、乱停乱放现象严重,严重影响了城市交通秩序和形象。

共享单车从刚推出时人人称颂的新生事物变成今天多少有点人见人烦的烦心物,很大的责任在于企业自身,因为他们推出的车数量已经远远超出城市的可容纳量。以杭州为例,7月底,在杭的9家共享单车企业上报其投放量为42万多辆,但城管方面指出,即使这数字也比其实际投放量少报了。而目前杭州所有的非机动车泊位满打满算只有16万个。全国许多城市都出现了共享单车总量远超非机动车泊位的类似状况。在此情况下,大量的共享单车只能无序堆放,占用人行道,堵塞路口,阻碍交通,浪费公共交通资源。

并且最重要的是,在如此高的投放量之下,共享单车是否早已供过于求?共享单车的使用率,是否如同企业自称的每辆单车每天的周转率高达1.3-8次不等?有专家指出,如果这个使用率属实,那么杭州9家平台单车承担的出行量可以达到174.877万人次/日。可真有这么多吗?似乎与我们日常的生活经验大相径庭。实际上我们看到的是,非常多的共享单车是堆放街头少人问津,几天都没人动它一下,因为它实在太多了,远远超过了需求量。最终很多单车在风吹雨打日晒下变成了废铜烂铁,造成了资源浪费。

应当说,共享单车是个比较好的创意,在解决最后一公里通勤上比小红车更具优势。但问题是到底需要多少共享单车才能满足市民最后一公里通勤需求?需不需要调控?一些经济学家根据经济学的原理认为:政府大可不必为此操心,只要共享单车市场准入是自由的,企业间竞争会“发现”这个最适数量规模。因为“竞争是一个发现程序”,错误数量的投放或者错误地点的投放,会被以赢利为目的的企业通过尝试来纠错。但目前的情况是,企业出于自己的私利,根本不愿去“发现”这个最适数量规模。因为企业竞争中的逐利行为,追求的不是城市需求单车数量的绝对份额,而是自己企业占有市场的相对份额,企业可以根据自己的想法随意进入共享单车这个市场,并根据自己的想法大量投放导致市场饱和。反正城市的公共道路是他们最好的免费仓库和停车场,不用他们掏一分钱。

共享的初衷是以资源的共享实现资源的节约。而目前共享单车无序的投放,却造成了城市拥堵、公共资源的极大浪费,成了打着共享旗号的风投者进行资本释放和宣泄工具。虽然,共享单车企业的竞争属于市场问题,应该交由市场解决,但是过度投放涉及到公共利益问题,这就是政府调控管理的范畴。不管从哪种角度讲,投放单车的数量不能单由企业“任性”,必须引入政府宏观调控。

所以,对待共享单车,也需来个“宏观调控”。并且这个调控,迟来不如早来。只有早点用国家的调控手段,规范当前发展阶段共享单车带来的弊端,才能让市场更有序,资源使用更合理,实现大家期待的更加完善的共享生活。

本报评论员

项向荣

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