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夏洛茨维尔暴力冲突折射美国社会种族新问题

2017-08-19 06:16:44   中国青年网

上周末美国弗吉尼亚州夏洛茨维尔市发生的种族暴力冲突,导致数十人受伤,3人死亡。面对白人至上主义者和左翼反对者相互撕扯、3K党举着火炬在美国建国之父托马斯·杰弗逊创建的弗吉尼亚大学校园里游行的画面,我们不禁要问:美国的种族关系怎么了?

白人民族主义者与另类右翼的联手

此次暴乱源于白人民族主义者集会,反对该市打算拆除美国内战时期邦联将军罗伯特·李的雕像,据说有2000至6000人参加,集会参与者与反对者产生暴力冲突。

有两个值得注意的现象。第一,白人种族主义分子齐聚夏洛茨维尔。按照非政府组织“南方贫困法律中心”分类,白人种族主义团体有3K党、新纳粹党、白人民族主义团体等,这些组织宣传白人至上,白人优于其他人种,应该掌控政治、经济和社会的极端观点。近年来,白人至上运动的蔓延和活动方式有所变化,更多依靠网络和社交媒体,传播仇恨情绪,并且互相联络。另类右翼是近年来兴起的极右翼思潮,进入人们的视线是在2016年大选时期,他们与白人民族主义者应该说是边界不清,你中有我,我中有你,有人干脆认为另类右翼是“重新包装的白人民族主义者”,也有人认为近年来传统的白人至上主义团体数量减少,这并不意味着白人至上势力的消退,而是流向另类右翼了。此次事件中,可以看到新纳粹党成员高举着纳粹标志,3K党挥舞着美国内战时期邦联战旗,口号也是各式各样,有反犹的、有亲纳粹的,在事发现场的有3K党前首领大卫·杜克,也有另类右翼的代表人物理查德·斯宾塞,此次集会的名称是“团结右翼”,在白人至上主义的旗帜下,聚集了各路人马。

第二,参加的成员多为白人年轻男性,白人民族主义者趋于年轻化是值得关注的现象。比如2015年6月17日白人枪手迪伦·鲁夫在南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿市伊曼纽尔非裔卫理圣公会教堂开枪射击,造成9名非洲裔死亡,其中包括该教堂牧师、州参议员克莱门特·平克尼,枪击案震惊全美乃至全世界,鲁夫当时21岁。夏洛茨维尔暴乱事发当天,驾车蓄意冲撞反对集会的人群队伍,酿成了人员伤亡惨剧的白人詹姆斯·菲尔茨20岁。另外,参加夏洛茨维尔集会的活动成员很多是当地弗吉尼亚大学的学生。总体而言,美国的“千禧一代”(1984至2000年出生),这些“80后”是美国目前人口数量最多的群体,有8300万人左右,他们中43%不是白人。有研究表明,从整体上看“80后”较他们的长辈对种族更加宽容,但其中的白人,种族主义色彩浓重,这大概与经济状况不好有直接关系,如沉重的助学贷款、贫困和失业也困扰着他们,比起他们父辈和祖父辈同龄时,财富积累和个人收入都差很多。这直接导致了他们容易偏执,出现“独狼”式的行为,迪伦·鲁夫从未与任何仇恨组织有过接触,但他浏览了大量白人至上主义者的网站,他打开的第一个网站是“保守派联盟”,该网站罗列了大量非洲裔“杀戮”白人的案例,鲁夫承认“从那天开始,我变了一个人”,于是萌发了“发动种族战争”的念头。

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