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把握好戏曲教育的“大”与“小”

2017-08-19 05:16:44   中国青年网

探寻戏曲教育的规律,首先要正确认识与把握戏曲文化和戏曲艺术的关系。我们要认识到戏曲自成一个完整的体系。戏曲教育这个独特的体系,可以分为三个层次,可以看作一个宝塔形。最基础的一层是狭义的戏曲教育,即从前的科班教育和现在的中专大学里的戏曲教育。第二层是戏曲艺术舞台演出,即直接跟观众见面的部分,它有一种教育作用。最后一层是戏曲文化,这个文化是以戏曲为载体的传统文化。也就是以戏曲文化为主导,以戏曲艺术为中心,以戏曲教育为基础。从社会角度看,这三个层次也就是广义的戏曲教育。广义的戏曲教育是一项事业,除了培养以舞台表演为主的多种专业人才以外,还需要培养观众,培养全社会文化氛围的人才和事业,这在当下尤其关键,否则即使拥有一流的舞台表演人才,也是无源之水,无本之木。这种态势,也就自然形成了戏曲教育必须要解决的“大”与“小”的问题。

所谓“大”就是大环境,戏曲生存与发展的大环境。所谓“小”,就是指戏曲专业教育本身。

从戏曲教育的发展历程上我们可以分析“大”与“小”的基本关系。20世纪前50年,以京剧为代表的戏曲艺术达到鼎盛时期中的戏曲教育,与进入21世纪新形势下的戏曲教育有何不同呢?这里我们探讨的不同,不是简单意义上内容、方式上的不同,而是教育战略上的不同。

20世纪前50年,以富连成科班、中华戏曲专科学校为代表的戏曲教育,培养了一大批高水平的表演人才,这些人才有的自创流派,有的成为继承发展固有流派的中坚力量,有的集多种流派于一身。正是由于有这些人才的出现,以京剧为代表的戏曲艺术达到顶峰,而这种顶峰不仅仅是本门艺术的顶峰,戏曲艺术也领衔于各种艺术形式,成为当时最主要的艺术形态,成为中国传统文化的集大成者。在当时来说,这种戏曲教育的方式取得了巨大的成功。这其中有一个关键的先决条件,即当时的社会文化氛围。当时的社会文化氛围这个“大”,其实也是以京剧为代表的戏曲走向巅峰的基础,甚至是首要条件。

以富连成、中华戏校为代表的京剧科班,在培养专业人才方面取得成功,也成为时至今日业内人士津津乐道的范例。然而,这种成功无论影响多大,都是在那种特定历史环境下取得的。21世纪的今天,中国戏曲教育面临的环境则截然不同。如今,社会文化氛围发生了翻天覆地的变化,几乎所有的观众群体和潜在观众群体,都是以“新学”作为文化基础的。因此,“不看戏”成为这种以“新学”作为基础的群体的自然而然的文化衍生。

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