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山是父亲 水是母亲(TA说民族)
2017-08-19 04:21:41 中国青年网
柯尔克孜族的历史可以追溯到2000年前,《史记·匈奴列传》中最早出现了记载,柯尔克孜的先民史称“鬲昆”“坚昆”“契骨”“黠戛斯”“吉利吉思”“布鲁特”等,柯尔克孜族是有着悠久历史和灿烂文化的少数民族。柯尔克孜人的标志就是男子头上佩戴的“卡尔帕克”(白毡帽),说到白毡帽的由来,还有一个有趣的故事。古代柯尔克孜人戴的不是白毡帽,而是黑毡帽,其形状与现在大不一样。古代柯尔克孜人戴的帽子形状与颜色,同他们的邻居卡勒玛克人的帽子很相似,为黑色高尖顶毡帽。后来,卡勒玛克人与柯尔克孜人之间经常发生战争。因服装颜色相同,在战场上认敌为友的事时有发生,往往因此贻误战机。据说,有一天黑夜,玛纳斯率领他的勇士们与入侵的卡勒玛克人交战,玛纳斯的部队获得了胜利。狡猾的卡勒玛克汗王却在朦胧月色中混入玛纳斯部队之中,不仅逃脱了玛纳斯的追击,反而又从背后向玛纳斯杀来,使玛纳斯功败垂成。战后,玛纳斯决定改革服饰。首先从帽子改起,使自己部众的帽子与卡勒玛克人的帽子有一个明显的区别,要有自己醒目的标志。经过充分协商,改黑毡帽为白毡帽。为了有一个美观大方的式样,臣民们公推玛纳斯的妻子——心灵手巧的卡尼凯公主设计初样。经过40个日日夜夜的精心构思,卡尼凯公主终于设计出了一顶美观大方的新毡帽。起初,这种毡帽只允许军中的男性勇士戴,相当于军帽,后来才慢慢发展成了柯尔克孜族男子普遍戴的帽子。
柯尔克孜族另一个标志就是史诗《玛纳斯》。《玛纳斯》不仅仅是柯尔克孜族的骄傲,它更以宏大的规模、丰富的内涵与藏族的《格萨尔》、蒙古族的《江格尔》成为享誉世界的“中国三大英雄史诗”。世界非物质文化遗产的《玛纳斯》共有8部20万行,描绘了柯尔克孜族社会的各个方面,是集语言、历史、宗教、文化、政治、经济、哲学、美学、军事、医学、习俗等为一体的百科全书。其主要内容是玛纳斯及其子孙领导柯尔克孜人民反抗外族侵略的斗争,表现了人民争取自由和渴望和平生活的愿望,歌颂了爱国主义、英雄主义精神。《玛纳斯》长期以来由民间史诗歌手“玛纳斯奇”以口头形式代代相继。已故的“玛纳斯奇”居素甫·玛玛依,能用20多种曲调演唱《玛纳斯》,他的演唱曲调时而高亢时而低沉,非常有感染力。史诗贯穿着保卫家乡的爱国主义情怀。例如,玛纳斯说:
我们的人民,我们的土地,
这正是我日夜思念的大事。
为了子孙万代的神圣事业,
我愿在战场上度过自己的一生。
中国柯尔克孜族自古以来就游牧于我国西北部边疆的千山万水之间,“山是柯尔克孜族人的父亲,水是柯尔克孜族人的母亲。”这句柯尔克族的谚语,充分表达了柯尔克孜族人民对祖国的一山一水一草一木的深厚感情。每座毡房就是一个固定的哨所,每个牧民就是一个活着的界碑,柯尔克孜族因此被誉为“守边民族”。乌恰县柯尔克孜族牧民布茹玛汗·毛勒朵大妈从19岁成为义务护边员,踏进平均海拔4290米的冬古拉玛山沟,43年日行20公里无怨无悔默默地将青春年华奉献给祖国的守边事业,在边境的许多石头上刻下了柯尔克孜文的“中国”。她被边防官兵亲切地称为“冬古拉玛大妈”,被评为感动中国十大母亲。正是像布茹玛汗·毛勒朵大妈一样的柯尔克孜人传承祖先善良、淳朴、正直的性格,固守着千里边疆,如同一道钢铁长城,巍然屹立在边境线上。
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