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河豚:生理享受和文化冒险

2017-08-18 17:02:26   中国青年网

■周文翰

吃河豚是饮食领域的“文化冒险”,关键在于时机、危险和美味的结合造成的蛊惑。但死亡的危险也能映衬极致的鲜美,就像春天的樱花一样,让人们怀着无比的期待迎接那短暂的享受。

在中国历史上,宋代是把吃河豚变成“文化现象”的关键时期。这以前的古人最多是提醒大家有的鱼有毒,吃了会死人。比如《山海经·北山经》记载流向雁门这个地方的“敦水”中“多魚巿 魚巿(音贝)之鱼,食之杀人”,汉代《说文》里记载今朝鲜半岛南部的乐浪郡出产魚巿 鱼,可见那时候中原人知道朝鲜人吃这类有毒的美食。上述文献中的魚巿 鱼或许就是指在北部太平洋生活的红鳍东方鲀(学名:Takifugu rubripes),它们在日本、朝鲜附近海域和中国东海都有分布。

三国魏张揖著《博雅》记载“鯸鮧,鲀也。背青腹白,触物即怒,其肝杀人”,那时候人已经知道河豚毒性最大的地方是肝脏。唐学者李善注《文选·吴都赋》云:“鯸鮧,鱼,状如科斗,大者尺馀,腹下白,背上青黑,有黄纹,性有毒”,段成式《酉阳杂俎续集·支动》:“鯸鮧鱼,肝与子俱毒,食此鱼必食艾。”这已经可以确认说的就是河豚,地方也正好在吴地,也就是长江中下游。

鯸鮧这类字体复杂的上古名称不好念、记,到了宋代最广泛使用的就是“河豚”这个名称了。实际上早在唐代《唐本草》中就有了“河豚”之名,指一种可以无毒的河鱼,宋人沈括《梦溪补笔谈》卷三认为这里的“河豚”指的是“鮠鱼”(江、浙间谓之“回鱼”)。沈括了解到吴地人把当地江湖中有毒的鱼类叫作“河豚”,“吴人嗜河豚鱼,有遇毒者往往杀人,可为深戒。”从宋代人对河豚分布、生态习性的描述来看,河豚应该指的是春天从海洋进入长江下游行生殖洄游的暗纹东方鲀(学名:Takifugu obscurus),它体内含有称为“河豚毒素”(Tetrodotoxin)的剧毒,主要集中在卵巢、肝脏和胆囊等处,即使加热也难以破坏,而河豚鱼体内其它部位并无毒素,因此只要处理得当,去掉含有毒素的部位便可放心食用。

宋代让河豚成为举世皆知的美食的是文化名人苏东坡,曾在杭州当官的苏东坡尝过河豚的美味,还在两首诗中给予赞誉。其中他为僧人惠崇的画题的诗《春江晓景》最为著名:

竹外桃花三两枝,春江水暖鸭先知。

蒌蒿满地芦芽短,正是河豚欲上时。

苏轼如此称许,让河豚名声更盛,尝试吃河豚的文人学士更多。元代《辍耕录(卷九)》还记载传说东坡先生在资善堂与人谈及河豚之美,说得以尝鲜,“真是消得一死”。

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