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天津港“8·12”事故应急合作网络与协同应对
2017-08-17 13:11:38 中国青年网
原标题:马奔 李文静:天津港“8·12”事故应急合作网络与协同应对
一、引言
2015年8月12日天津港发生的危险品仓库特大火灾爆炸事故,造成165人遇难,798人受伤,直接经济损失68.66亿元。根据事故原因调查和事故责任认定,依据有关法律法规和党纪政纪规定,公安机关、检察机关分别对24名相关企业人员和25名行政监察对象依法立案侦查并采取刑事强制措施,事故调查组另对123名责任人员提出了处理意见。除了事后严厉问责,评估和反思事故处置中政府组织内部的合作应对表现,从中吸取经验教训同样重要。本文运用社会网络分析法,建立可测量的网络合作和互动的动态指标,尝试呈现天津港“8·12”爆炸事故中各应急主体间的合作关系,并以相关预案为基准评估该网络实际的运作状况,为将来可能发生的类似事故应急响应中的合作网络与协同应对提供参考。
二、文献述评
社会网络分析是利用数学模型研究社会结构中的人群或组织间的互动,并通过图像呈现互动关系的实证研究方法。[1]社会网络分析的兴起源于心理学者对小规模社会团体的互动关系研究,20世纪70年代,新哈佛学派关于块模型(block modeling)概念和多维尺度分析(multidimensional scaling)的引入,使对网络结构和网络成员位置关系的研究更具有意义,社会网络分析开始被广泛应用于社会学、政治学和管理学等领域。[1-3]在网络绩效研究方面,主要在网络形态和网络管理两个方向:前者从网络规模、结构、互动关系和过程入手,[4]Brown(2003)[5]和Mandell(2007)[6]依据网络结构的稳定性和网络成员间沟通关系的疏密度,按绩效由低到高依次归纳了合作(cooperative)网络、协调(coordinative)网络和协作(collaborative)网络三种形态;后者认为网络还是一种治理形式,[7]Provan和Kenis(2008)[8]等在网络形态划分中纳入管理模式等要素,并划分出共享管理(shared governance)网络、核心组织(lead organization)网络和网络管理组织(network administrative organization)网络三种模式。其中网络管理组织网络以其有多个管理组织管理网络运作、稳定而紧密的链接、密切的沟通和对共同运作规划的高需求而成为最优类型。在网络绩效评估中,以Kapucu和Demiroz(2011)[9]提出的把规范网络各成员角色的运作规则作为目标绩效和可测量动态互动的纯客观评估指标最适合对网络协同应对的成效进行客观评估。近年来,社会网络分析在应急管理领域中的研究也得到重视,学者们大多利用了网络分析的数据挖掘和测量优势,以跨组织、跨部门的合作为主并分析网络结构特征与组织间的协调问题,[10-11]对政府组织内部间的合作研究较少。在突发事件类型方面主要关注自然灾害类[11-12],缺乏对关系到问责和利益主体的事故灾难类事件的研究。因此,本文以近年来最为典型的天津港“8·12”事故中政府部门间的应急合作表现和协同应对绩效为研究内容。
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