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专访中国科幻作家刘慈欣:传统科幻小说难觅出路

2017-08-16 09:07:35   中国青年网

新华社赫尔辛基8月15日电(新华社记者李骥志 张璇)中国科幻作家刘慈欣凭借《三体》系列作品两度入围世界科幻小说最高荣誉雨果奖最终提名,一次获得雨果奖最佳长篇小说奖。然而,他却认为自己的风格已经过时,世界科幻潮流正在呈现另一种面貌。

与刘慈欣所代表的传统科幻路数不同,近年来热卖的美国奇幻小说《冰与火之歌》系列采取了“弱奇幻”的创作手法。“之所以称其为‘弱奇幻’,是因为作品中的幻想因素不太明显,而且很节制超自然力的运用。”刘慈欣日前在芬兰赫尔辛基接受新华社记者专访时说。

从这些年雨果奖入围作品来看,现在美国很多科幻、奇幻类小说更关心现实问题,如种族歧视、性别歧视、人工智能对社会的影响、生物学对社会伦理的影响等等,并围绕这些主题,采取了不同于以往的叙事结构和写作风格。

当然,仍有一些坚持传统风格的科幻小说,比如美国系列作品《苍穹浩瀚:利维坦觉醒》。“可惜的是,这部作品既没有得过星云奖也没有得过雨果奖,今年拿了个雨果奖最佳短剧奖,但那不是小说原著,而是改编后的电视剧。”刘慈欣对记者说。

刘慈欣认为,之所以呈现这种局面,是因为科学高度发展的今天,科技已经深入到人们日常生活的方方面面,科学在读者心中越来越缺少神秘感。“这是科幻文学创作如今面临的最致命打击,而且几乎看不到出路。”

为了挽救科幻,美国人早在20世纪70年代就尝试各种努力,希望让科幻作品离科学远一些,让它更文学化,从描写外太空转为描写人的内心,从描写外星人转为描写人类不同种族、不同性别之间的关系。比如8月11日获得雨果奖最佳长篇小说奖的《方尖碑门》就是如此。虽然作品设定在某个神秘的星球,但很多内容实际上是在描写地球上的阶级压迫。

“他们往这个方向努力,试图增加科幻的受众、影响力,但现在看来做得并不成功。”刘慈欣说。在他的记忆中,科幻小说的黄金时代充满朝气,作家都是20多岁的年轻人,读者也是年轻人。“你再看看如今科幻大会上的科幻迷都多大岁数了?当一种文学所吸引的都是大腹便便的上了岁数的人,这个文学还有什么希望?”

对于国内外各式各样的奇幻小说被改编成电影、电视剧大行其道,而传统科幻类作品几乎无人问津的现状,刘慈欣显得有些无可奈何。他表示,电影的传播规律比文学、小说要复杂得多,拍电影比写小说取得成功的难度更大。

目前,包括《三体》在内的几部刘慈欣作品已经授权拍摄电影,但是他对这些电影的最终效果没有表现出很强的信心。他说:“美国科幻电影和科幻小说差不多都发展了一个世纪,我们才三四年,就想拍出那么好的电影不太现实。电影和小说是两种不同的表现方式,拍摄的时候有所取舍,读者对电影表现方式不如对原著满意也是很正常的。”

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