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一座充满哀伤、沉思与奋起的城市

2017-08-16 08:35:13   中国青年网

《柏林:一座城市的肖像》[英]罗里·麦克林 著傅敬民 译上海文艺出版社

北京大学哲学系教授 何怀宏

城市是文明的一个要素,同时又是文明诸要素的一个集合地。生产工具的发明与制作、细密的劳动分工、剩余产品、大量的贸易、财富的积聚、政治与文化的活动中心等,大都集中在城市,尤其是首都。即便是以农业为基础的古代文明,也是以都邑为主导的,比如殷墟。

柏林是一个比较新兴的大城市,但它的历史却足够沧桑:它在17世纪初三十年战争期间就累遭摧残,居民减半;到20世纪二次大战后期,更是被狂轰滥炸,变成一片废墟。它给世界带来灾难,它也首当其冲地遭受灾难。

《柏林:一座城市的肖像》作者罗里·麦克林第一次来到柏林时,还是一个19岁的加拿大青年,他为柏林感到忧伤,但可能也因此爱上了它。后来他多次来到柏林,直到在这座城市定居并写了这本书。

和一般人写一座城市不一样,作者没有系统和详细地介绍这座城市的历史,而是饱蘸感情地围绕着人物书写,写了一些和这座城市息息相关的大人物:如腓特烈大帝、建筑师申克尔、科学家哈伯、演员黛德丽、多年任柏林行政长官的戈培尔等; 也写了一些在这座城市挣扎和浮沉的小人物,如女工、士兵、移民和妓女等。在一些细节上,作者有意采取了一些文学的虚构。他始终揪心和关注的不仅是这座城市,更是这城市中活生生的人。“一座城市的肖像”也就是这座城市中“人的肖像”。

如果一定要找书中的一个人作为柏林的象征,我首先想到的是凯绥·珂勒惠支。她是一个画家,儿子死于一战,孙子死于二战。她的著名画作《母与子》就是她的哀伤。那是一个母亲对孩子的哀伤,也是人类母亲对一座城市的哀伤。

珂勒惠支的第一张石版画《贫穷》,描绘了一位绝望的母亲紧拥着奄奄一息、瘦骨嶙峋的小孩;另一幅画《战场》,描绘了一位母亲在一堆堆尸体中搜寻她死去的儿子。1914年一战爆发时,她47岁,坐在床上以泪洗面。八周后,儿子皮特在战场上阵亡,当德皇号召未成年男子参军打仗时,她在一篇社论中呼吁道:“死的人已经太多!别再让人倒下!”她在二战爆发前继续发出这样的呼声。在1937年举行的“颓废艺术展览会”上,希特勒直接谴责珂勒惠支。她的作品从公共博物馆和艺术学院里被撤出来,原本计划庆祝她70岁生日的一个展览也被取消。她的反抗是孤独的。她这样写道:“我的作品被人移出艺术学院时,人们出奇的平静。几乎没有人想对我说点什么。我本以为会有人来看看我,或者至少给我写写信。但是,什么也没有。我的周围,一片寂静。”

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