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宗教礼仪制度与古希腊城邦的构建

2017-08-16 05:21:21   中国青年网

泛雅典娜节等节日为城邦发展提供了历史认同和神圣解释。资料图片

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宗教礼仪制度与古希腊城邦的构建□ 魏凤莲 清晰展示古希腊宗教礼仪制度的最早文本是荷马史诗和赫西俄德的史诗,其源头却可以追溯到克里特文明和迈锡尼文明,甚至可以继续追溯到更加遥远的印欧人和东方文明。史诗对当时既有的传说和宗教观念进行概括和再创作,展现了远古人们为表达“虔敬”而履行的各种仪式、观念、规范和禁忌,构建了古希腊宗教礼仪制度的基础范式。由于史诗的广泛流传,这些宗教礼仪制度被后世奉为圭臬,亦成为希腊民族彼此认同的基础。从荷马时代,经古风时代、古典时代,直到希腊化时代和罗马时代,希腊人献祭、祈祷和占卜的方式以及对神的观念基本一致,在一千多年的时间里,宗教礼仪制度表现出强大的稳定性和延续性,而且,这种稳定性不是根植于信念,不是知识分子通过辩驳就能推倒的一种态度,而是深深扎根于希腊人的日常生活中,扎根于希腊的社会结构中。

荷马时代的宗教礼仪制度是贵族的礼仪制度,体现了以个人竞争为基础的社会规范。随着城邦的兴起,宗教礼仪制度逐渐走向平民,不断强调集体认同和男性公民的集体权力,实现了从以个人竞争为基础的社会规范向城邦集体意识形态的转变。从公元前8世纪开始,圣地、神庙等宗教礼仪性建筑在整个希腊世界拔地而起,节日大量涌现,为民众参与集体献祭活动提供了机会,关于节日的规定、规范乃至所需遵守的风俗习惯也逐渐增多,城邦也开始对此类内容进行立法。这些节日的总体特征就是城邦公民集体参加,有些节日甚至让外邦人、妇女参加。在城邦兴起和发展的初期阶段,宗教礼仪制度建立起城邦公民之间的彼此认同,提升了人们的集体意识,同时缓解了人们在时代转换中的焦虑,顺应了城邦意识形态发展的需要。

公元前8世纪,英雄崇拜的兴起也顺应了城邦意识形态发展的需要。英雄崇拜通常是围绕某个大墓发展起来的,崇拜的对象是史诗里的英雄、建城者或某个具有神奇经历和业绩的死者,他们被认为即使在死后仍然有能力保护在周围居住的人。因此,对每个英雄的崇拜都局限于比较小的范围,但是特别多的英雄及其陵墓散落在城邦领土的不同点上,每个点的周围都能聚集起一个崇拜群体,由此构建起村庄、部落和城邦之间的特殊关系。英雄崇拜所具有的地域性特征,为城邦提供了亲缘和地理上的认同,因此具有极强的政治象征意义。英雄崇拜与城邦同时出现并息息相关,城邦衰落之时,英雄崇拜即随之衰落。

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