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以色列法院何以承认并执行中国法院判决

2017-08-16 04:26:30   中国青年网

□ 本报记者 丁国锋

江苏省南通市中级人民法院承办法官陶新琴介绍说,为了维护本国国民的利益,各个国家都需要外国法院承认自己国家法院判决在国外的效力,前提则是自己要在互惠的基础上承认该外国法院判决在自己国家的效力。以色列特拉维夫法院在一审判决中,确认了南通市中院判决的程序正当及终审效力,对于被告Reitman提出的管辖权、答辩权等抗辩予以驳回,认为中国法院对该案争议有管辖权,被告没有提出任何管辖权异议,并参与了中国的诉讼程序,应视为接收中国法院的管辖;被告在中国的诉讼程序中由中国当地的律所代理,其答辩的权利得到了保证。

据陶新琴介绍,世界上大多数国家都将互惠原则作为承认与执行外国法院判决的重要条件之一。但从国际司法实践看,各国在互惠机制的运用上并没有形成固定的互惠标准,常常根据需要,在不同的国家之间或者在不同的案件中适用不同的标准,从而使得互惠原则的适用变幻莫测。

其中直接的原因是,各国都难以了解其他国家在互惠原则上的真实立场,同时又囿于主权观念的限制,防止本国在适用互惠原则时采取宽松态度承认与执行外国判决后,本国的判决却被外国予以拒绝。因此,实践中以互惠原则确认外国判决的效力并给予承认与执行的案件较为罕见。

据了解,特拉维夫法院对于承认和执行南通市中院判决的具体理由作了如下阐述:一是根据以色列最高法院在互惠原则问题上的裁决,以色列法项下的互惠原则适用条件比较宽松,只要在他国执行以色列法院作出的裁决“存在合理潜在可能性”,两国之间的司法协助就可以适用互惠原则。并且,该项原则旨在促进以色列与他国司法系统的合作关系。二是中以两国之间的司法互助是“从未开垦过的田地”:没有任何一国执行或拒绝执行另一国判决的先例,两国也没有签署任何司法互助协议或共同参加任何关于司法互助的国际条约。三是原被告双方的中国法专家证人一致认为,中国法认可司法互助上的互惠原则,并对承认与执行外国判决的条件有明文规定。如果所有国家只执行实际承认过本国法院作出判决的国家的判决,互惠原则就失去了实际意义。四是中以两国在商业等领域的互助关系日益发展,从公共利益的角度出发,中以两国在司法上相互协助可促进两国在经济合作上的确定性,因此应当鼓励司法互助关系的发展。

陶新琴说,民事诉讼法对我国对外国判决的承认与执行确立了互惠原则的合法地位,司法中也有具体适用互惠原则的实践。2015年7月7日,最高人民法院发布《关于人民法院为“一带一路”建设提供司法服务和保障的若干意见》(法发[2015]9号)第六条提出:“推动缔结双边或者多边司法协助协定,促进沿线各国司法判决的相互承认与执行。要在沿线一些国家尚未与我国缔结司法协助协定的情况下,根据国际司法合作交流意向、对方国家承诺将给予我国司法互惠等情况,可以考虑由我国法院先行给予对方国家当事人司法协助,积极促成形成互惠关系。”该意见反映了我国法院正在以一种更为开放、灵活、豁达的司法心态来看待如今的国际司法协助,看待外国法院的判决,是中国淡化事实互惠,确立法律互惠思想的雏形。

陶新琴说,相信不久就可以看到中国法院先行承认与执行外国法院判决的案例,也相信中国会有更多的涉外判决在外国法院成功得到承认与执行。

本报南通(江苏)8月15日电

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