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经济ABC:“CRS”为何让某些富豪恐慌?
2017-08-15 10:15:41 中国经济网
文︱牛绮思
对于有钱人来说,他们的麻烦好像又多了。
以前,有涉外收入的人士通过境外金融机构持有和管理资产,并将收益隐匿在境外金融账户,以此逃避居民国的纳税义务。今年5月,国家税务总局联合六大部委发布了《非居民金融账户涉税信息尽职调查管理办法》,打击跨境逃避税,这被看作中国版的“CRS”,一时间让无数依托海外避税天堂搁置巨额资产的富人紧张了起来,也让“CRS”这一较为陌生的英文缩写词汇的存在感飙升。
那么,“CRS”是什么,又是如何运作的?
“CRS”:各国政府相互交换
各自国民的资产状况
CRS译作共同申报准则(Common Reporting Standard)。2014年7月,经济合作与发展组织(OECD)发布了AEOI标准(金融账户涉税信息自动交换标准),CRS便是其中的一部分,旨在实现跨国间税收居民金融账户的信息透明化,让逃税者、洗钱者和腐败分子的海外资产无处可藏。CRS要求签署国系统性及定期性地情报自动交换,以使纳税人居住国与纳税人账户所在国自动分享纳税人在境外金融机构如银行及证券户头中的各类财务信息,如股息、红利等。
简单来说,CRS就是各国政府通过“相互交换情报”的方式,掌控自己国民的资产状况,判断他们是否偷漏税、行受贿或者洗钱等。不过这里需要注意的是,成功实现信息交换需要满足两个条件,一是交换金融账户信息的必须是已加入CRS的签署国或地区,二是双方必须“自愿匹配”成功。
举个例子,中国和英国加入CRS并建立“资源匹配”关系后,中国居民A有一天去英国存了一笔钱,那么A的存款信息金额会被英国金融机构收集并上报给该国税务机关,并与中国税务局进行信息交换。不过,若中国与英国都在CRS协议中,但并未相互建立“自愿匹配”关系,那么A在英国的存款中国政府就无从知晓了。
中国版“CRS”将在2018年9月后
进行首次信息交换
中国内地已从2017年7月1日开始实施《非居民金融账户涉税信息尽职调查管理办法》,这是被称为中国版“CRS”的立法。这一办法规定,银行、证券、信托、期货、保险公司等金融机构开展对非居民金融账户的尽职调查(“非居民”概念指中国税收居民以外的个人和企业)。认定是否税收居民的标准不仅是境外身份证明,还包括境外居住地址、电话号码、账户等。也就是说,“税收居民”的概念比身份证明更为严谨,还包括个人居住痕迹。
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