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国企去杠杆关键是加快体制改革

2017-08-14 09:19:37   中国经济网

“国企去杠杆最有效的办法,就是加快改革步伐、加大改革力度,从体制机制上给国企下药、为国企做手术。”

根据财政部日前发布的全国国有企业经济运行数据,截至今年6月末,国有企业负债率为65.6%。高负债率令国企降杠杆迫在眉睫。

造成国企负债率高的原因,虽然是多方面的,如经济增速下行、市场需求不足等,但是,从总体上讲,还是体制所致,是现行体制下国企在经营和扩张过程中不计成本、不看效益、不注重提升核心竞争力所致。尤其是前些年,央企为了避免在新一轮改革中被重组和整合,都把规模扩张和资产扩大当作了最主要手段,疯狂地通过负债进行投资布局和收购资产。同时,收购了相当数量的地方国企和民营企业,有的央企也因此背上了沉重负担。

在金融危机爆发后的头两年,为了应对金融危机的冲击和影响,国企更是掀起了一场投资热,金融机构也趁机向国企投放了大量资金。地方政府为了招商引资,也纷纷把目标转向国企,尤其是央企。

由于投资需要尊重经济规律,而不是想怎么投就怎么投,想怎么扩张就怎么扩张,尤其是负债投资和扩张,更需要慎重。而国企在投资扩张过程中,是缺乏内在约束机制的。所以,在资产规模不断扩大的同时,负债也在不断扩大。且因为盲目扩张、无序扩张带来的大多是无效资产、无效收入,所以,负债的扩张速度要大于资产的扩张速度。自然,资产负债率就不断提高。如果再加上市场环境不佳、供需矛盾突出,国企资产负债率过高的问题也就不可避免了。

很显然,国企过高的资产负债率,已经引起了决策层的高度重视和关注。不久前召开的全国金融工作会议就明确指出,要把国企降杠杆作为重中之重。这也意味着国企的高负债率,已经成为一个非常重要的经济问题,也是不可忽视的风险之一。如果再不采取措施化解国企负债率过高的矛盾,就有可能影响经济的稳定和社会的稳定。毕竟,在现行条件下,国企仍然是国民经济的支柱,承担着维护经济稳定和繁荣的重任。

而在国企去杠杆问题上,如果仅依靠国企自身,是很难取得突破性进展的。因为,现行体制并不支持国企去杠杆。就算有关方面有考核、有约束,对国企来说,也没有多大影响力和控制力,资产负债率过高的问题,仍然很难解决。最有效的办法,就是加快改革步伐、加大改革力度,从体制机制上给国企下药、为国企做手术。

有专家建议,依据国企目前的债务情况,可以通过债转股的方式,降低企业的负债率。此举不失为一种好方法。但是,不管债务怎么转,如果体制不改、机制不转,问题也没有得到根本解决。转了后不过几年,可能负债率又上来了。只有将体制和机制转了,让企业的约束力增强了,决策、经营等不再是个别人或少数人说了算,而是董事会、股东会等说了算,企业才有可能从根本上解决不计代价、不讲成本的问题。

事实上,从目前已经进行改革的国企情况来看,凡是严格按照市场化要求进行改革的国企,大多出现了资产负债率下降、效益好转、竞争力增强的现象。尤其是资产负债率,在引入其他所有制资本后,得到了比较好的改善。如中石化销售公司转让30%的股权,就获得1000多亿元资金。同时,引入其他所有制资本以后,今后在决策和管理方面,企业也要受到其他投资者的监督,经营者不能再我行我素,而会充分考虑可行性和效益性。

眼下,国企改革正在积极推进。从已经启动改革的企业情况来看,难度之大,可能远远超过前一轮改革。从降低负债率来看,只要能够实实在在地把改革工作抓好,国企降杠杆问题,就不会是问题。问题就在于,国企改革能否顺利推进,能推进到什么程度。(作者系中国民营经济研究会理事、财经评论员)

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