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闰月:古人调和阴阳的智慧
2017-08-15 05:21:06 中国青年网
做闰月鞋。光明图片/视觉中国
【守望家园】
今年比去年多了一个月!天哪,这是真的么?!
去年丙申年,有355天;而今年丁酉年,有384天!难道上天感受到时光流逝太快,就手指一点,给今年多加了一个月?不不不,你想多了。其实这多出来的29天,是因为今年有两个六月,也就是多了一个闰六月。其实“闰月”这事儿,小编也不太懂,还是请北京联合大学研究员、中国民俗学会副秘书长张勃,来给大家讲讲闰月的小知识吧。
闰月,是中华传统历法的重要组成部分。
时间是人类生活的一种维度,为了满足生产生活的有序进行和记录历史的需要,人们就必须测量时间,就必须掌握测量时间、记录时间的方法。不同文明有不同的记时方式,并形成了不同的历法。大致主要有阳历、阴历、阴阳合历,中华传统历法就是阴阳合历。
“悬象著明,莫大乎日月。”无论阳历、阴历还是阴阳合历,它们制定的基础都是太阳与地球、月亮与地球之间的运行规律。简单地说,阳历是以地球绕太阳公转一周的时间(即回归年,365日5时48分46秒余)为基础而制定的历法,又称太阳历,一年12个月。世界通行的公历就是一种阳历。阳历也设“闰”,有平年、闰年之分,每四年一闰,每满百年少闰一次,但只闰一天,平年365天,闰年366天。阴历是以月亮绕地球一周的时间(约为29日12小时)为基础制定的历法,一年12个月,354天或355天。阴阳合历是一种调和太阳、地球、月亮运转周期的历法。我国传统历法把地球自转一周的时间设置为一天,把从地球上看太阳和月亮相重合的时候定为一个月的开始,根据月亮圆缺变化的周期规定为一个月,虽然每一年的长度可能并不相等,但如果将每一年的长度平均一下,就可以发现一年大约就是回归年的长度。这样的历法,既可以保证月圆之日是在每个月份的中间,又保证根据月份能够看出四季寒暖变化的情况。而之所以能够做到调和阴阳,关键就在于“闰月”的设置。闰月使人们既可以确定一年周期的起始点,又可以调整历法上年的长度,使其尽量与回归年接近。
“圣代承尧历,恒将闰正时。”阴阳历设置闰月的目的就在于“正时”。“正时”,一是确定岁首,即年度周期的起始点;一是调整历年长度,使其尽量与回归年接近。按唐代张季友的说法,设置闰月,功莫大焉,“天时由之而式叙,国令於焉而合轨。春生夏长,不失其常;东作西成,孰知所以。雪应冬而絮落,云识夏而峰起。秋之夕湛露为霜,春之朝坚冰为水。”因此,置闰在古代颇受重视。
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