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准确把握涉食品药品犯罪行政认定与刑事认定

2017-08-14 08:17:59   中国青年网

涉食品、药品犯罪,首先违反了关于食品、药品管理的行政法规,进而违反了刑法规范,具有行政违法和刑事违法双重属性。由于食品、药品领域专业性较强,行为的行政违法性可由行政主管部门先行确认,也就是出具行政认定意见。行政认定在食品药品犯罪案件办理中具有独特的地位和作用,其本质仍是行政权,在权力依据、价值取向等方面与司法判断具有明显区别。因此,行政认定并非刑事认定的前置和必经程序,也不能等同于刑事认定。

行政认定为刑事认定提供依据。行政认定,是指行政主管部门对刑事案件中的专业性问题出具的定性意见。在证据形式上,通常表现为函、复函、批复等,是依据行政法律规范,对构成要件要素的一种专业性确认。主要体现在三个方面:一是对存在违法行为的认定。如在保健食品中加入止痛西药成分并宣称能够治疗疾病,是否属于生产、销售假药行为等。二是对违法物品的认定,如生产、销售的是否属于假药等。三是对行政鉴定的进一步说明。对假药、“有毒、有害食品”等要素的认定有时涉及技术指标问题,如食品中是否含有严重超出标准限量的农药残留、重金属等。在相应机构出具行政鉴定意见的同时,行政机关需要对上述技术指标的行政规范含义作进一步解释和说明。从证据属性上看,行政认定是具有优势证明力的公文书证。行政认定是行政主管部门依照行政职权和专业知识作出证明某一事实的书面材料,应归于书证,具有较高的公信力,这种公信力在诉讼过程中可衍生为证明力上的优势。因此,行政认定的证明力要高于普通证据,在实践中采纳率高。

行政认定不是刑事认定的前置程序。行政违法性是刑事违法性的前提,但行政认定不是刑事认定的前置程序。司法人员需要行政认定作为依据的主要原因,是由于某一领域专业知识不足。如果相关法律、行政法规中有明确规定、司法人员的知识储备能够理解且争议不大的事项,就不需要行政主管部门专门作出认定。司法人员也可以在没有行政认定的情况下,判断行为的行政违法性。首先,司法机关对行政违法性和刑事违法性可以一并认定。比如,关于涉食品、药品犯罪的法条规定多为空白罪状,需要援引行政法规,才能正确认定犯罪的特征。因此,司法机关将行政违法性包含于刑事违法性一并判断于法有据。其次,行政认定作为证据,需要司法机关的审查判断。作为证明犯罪构成要素的一种公文书证,虽然证明力强于普通证据,但仍需要司法人员从形式和实质上进行审查判断,决定采纳与否,也可以对行政违法性作出实质评价。因此,并不需要在刑事认定之前,都前置行政认定程序。

行政认定与刑事认定的差别主要体现在违法性本质方面。由于行政权在本质上是一种管理权,具有效率优先的价值取向,而司法权是判断权,坚持公平优先。刑事违法性与行政违法性的区别,不仅体现在“数额较大”“情节严重”等量的差别上,法益侵害的样态不同,决定了两者在违法性本质上具有差别。正如有学者指出,应尽量将实害行为和存在具体的法益侵害危险的行为规定为犯罪行为,而对那些仅违反行政规定,还没有给法益带来即将实现的具体危害的抽象的危险行为作为行政不法予以规定。惩治涉食品、药品犯罪保护的法益是国家食品药品的监管秩序和消费者的身体健康、生命安全。破坏食品药品监管秩序的行为具有行政违法性,但只有上述行为可能危害到消费者的身体健康和生命安全时,才具有刑事处罚的必要。行政认定和刑事认定在食品药品犯罪客观违法性的判断上存在差别,不能将行政认定等同于刑事认定,应结合刑法的规范目的对行政认定进行审查。

(作者单位:江苏省泰州市高港区人民检察院)

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