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刑法典和行政刑法并立

2017-08-14 04:17:51   中国青年网

我国刑法的未来趋势

□ 刘艳红

最近读苏州大学王健法学院李晓明教授的《行政刑法新论》一书,倍感亲切。我以为,或许我国行政刑法发展的春天要提早到来了。

提起李教授,他的行政刑法研究令我印象深刻,早在2003年我就看到了其在法律出版社出版的《行政刑法学导论》(基础理论版),以及2005年群众出版社出版的《行政刑法学》(司法实用版)等著述。

也许是我也关注行政刑法研究的缘故,经常看到李教授在《中国法学》《法学》《法商研究》等刊物发表的有关行政刑法的论文。在行政刑法的定性研究上,我们二人都赞成行政刑法的“双属性说”。然而,像《行政刑法新论》中提出的“在刑法典之外来建构‘行政刑法’”的观点,我还真是第一次听说。

据说《行政刑法新论》是在完成国家课题的基础上得到国家资助出版的,我国著名刑法学家陈兴良教授作为国家社科项目的终评委也对《行政刑法新论》的新颖体系大加赞赏。在陈教授看来,学术观点或许迟早都会被新的观点替代或者被淘汰,但一本书或一篇文章的形式结构美将是永恒的。我敢说,陈兴良教授的该种观点用在李教授《行政刑法新论》一书的体系评价上再恰当不过,在此我深表钦佩。

众所周知,长期以来行政刑法一直是一个引起刑法理论界、司法实务界以及立法者多方关注的热点话题。对此,国外学术界不仅进行了广泛的研究,而且在立法上往往有相应的法典进行了专门的规定,例如德国的《违反秩序法》、奥地利的《行政刑法典》、日本的《轻犯罪法》等等。但也正因国外已经有完善的理论可供借鉴,所以我国国内学者进行研究时,往往容易照搬国外的相关制度,而忽视了我国实际情况,最终使得行政刑法的研究遇到了瓶颈——“附而不属”,因此在我国并未发挥其应有的理论与实践价值。由此,如何将行政刑法的一般理论与我国立法、司法相结合,是当前我国行政刑法研究所必须迈过的“门槛”。在这一点上,李晓明教授可谓是执著追求几十年,一直辛勤耕耘在行政刑法研究领域,并不断奉献新作。显然,《行政刑法新论》一书无疑是试图解决上述难题的行政刑法领域的力作。

在笔者看来,《行政刑法新论》最大的创新之处在于,从研究路径上彻底摆脱了以往在刑法典之内研究行政刑法的窠臼,尝试性地从刑法之外来建构符合我国国情的行政刑法。正是基于这种新的研究视角,李教授得出了许多令人耳目一新的观点,例如劳动教养制度,学界主流观点都对其“口诛笔伐”,最终导致该制度于2013年被废除,学界对此认为是法治进步的标志。但是李教授并未盲目或完全认同这种观点,而是理性地指出,“原本类似于‘劳动教养’的制度并非一定要彻底废除,其实其本身也具有一定的违法与犯罪的社会调剂与防控功能,甚至存在一定的理论上的合理性……实事求是地讲,劳动教养的最大问题并不在于制度本身,而在于其立法上的合法性、程序上的正当性和适度性”。这种敏锐的思想、独特的观点、新颖的视角确实值得我国刑法学界对相关问题研究时借鉴。

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