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美或对华发起贸易调查

2017-08-14 04:13:06   中国青年网

□ 本报驻美国记者 陈小方

据当地媒体13日报道,美国总统特朗普或将于14日签署行政备忘录,指示美国贸易代表决定是否展开对所谓“中国贸易行为”的调查。此举引发了各界对美国采取单边行动损害中美经贸关系的担忧。

报道称,一名美国白宫官员证实,特朗普将在14日要求对中国“涉嫌违反美国知识产权和强迫美国企业技术转让”的指控展开调查。尽管目前还不清楚特朗普在备忘录中会公布多少细节,但该官员预测,美国贸易代表莱特希泽将会按照美国《1974年贸易法》第301条款调查中国的贸易行为。报道还称,下令展开调查并非立即对中国实施制裁,但可能向中国商品征收高额关税。一旦美方决定发起调查,将首先与中方进行磋商,调查程序可能长达一年。

“301条款”是美国《1974年贸易法》第301条的简称,它要求美国总统对外国“实施不公正、不合理的关税或其他进口限制,执行不公正、不合理、歧视性的规定、政策或做法,加重美国商业负担或限制美国商业”的,应采取“所有适当并且可行的行动”,消除这些对美国经济贸易不利的因素,以实现美国的利益。根据“301条款”,美国贸易代表会首先寻求与外国政府协商,以贸易补偿或消除贸易壁垒的形式进行协商。如果协商无法解决问题,美国可以采取贸易救济措施,比如征收额外的关税、费用及实施对进口的限制。

之所以“301条款”会成为各方关注的重点,是因为这一诞生于上世纪冷战时期的单边主义法律工具在1995年WTO成立后几乎销声匿迹。美国上一次大规模使用该条款还是在上世纪八十年代美日贸易纠纷期间。

当地媒体报道称,特朗普此举就是要以更多的壁垒、更高的关税来重塑美国贸易,刺激出口、增加就业。但特朗普的计划一旦得以实施,虽将刺激美国本土劳动力的回归,但最终也将令美国人的生活成本大幅增加。

有分析认为,特朗普使用一项过时的美国贸易法条款,其代价将是巨大的,只会让美中贸易情况更加糟糕。美国各界对于特朗普上任以来采取一系列措施破坏以规则为基础的国际贸易承诺和几十年来建立起的国际合作努力已多有批评,而此次启动“301条款”则更是火上浇油。如果特朗普政府要解决对华贸易的不满,应该做的是促成与中国达成一项新的、可执行的长期贸易协议。

8月3日,中国商务部对美国可能启动的知识产权调查作出回应。商务部发言人高峰称,中国政府一贯注重知识产权的保护,成绩是有目共睹的。任何世贸组织成员采取的贸易措施,都应该遵守世贸组织的规则。过去三个月中,中美双方积极推动“百日计划”,取得重要进展。他说,中美经贸关系是中美双边关系的压舱石和推进器,是你中有我、我中有你、互利共赢的关系,合则两利,斗则俱伤。

特朗普原定8月4日宣布,根据“301条款”对中国“违反知识产权及强迫性技术转让的行为”展开调查,但这一计划在最后一刻被推迟。

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