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双管齐下规范互联网金融秩序(新知新觉)

2017-08-13 04:12:12   中国青年网

近年来,互联网金融快速发展,在发挥积极作用的同时也集聚了一些风险隐患,加强互联网金融监管的呼声越来越高。政府监管是互联网金融规范发展的根本保障,行业自律是互联网金融可持续发展的内在基础。二者犹如规范互联网金融秩序的两驾马车,只有各司其职、密切配合,方能提升整个市场的安全性和有效性,推动互联网金融行业健康有序发展。

进一步完善监管制度

2015年,中国人民银行等十部委联合发布《关于促进互联网金融健康发展的指导意见》,提出了互联网金融监管的基本原则和模式,互联网金融监管逐步走向规范。

随着互联网金融深入发展,有必要建立全面监管的制度体系。一是市场准入制度。明确互联网企业从事金融活动的市场准入政策和监管规则,对经营者实缴注册资本、经营者公司治理结构、高层人员任职条件等作出明确要求。二是营运资本维持制度。营运资本代表经营主体的短期偿债能力和稀释风险能力。在我国互联网金融市场逐步走向成熟的过程中,应制定相关标准,确保互联网金融公司维持与运营规模相适应的营运资本。三是第三方存管制度。银监会于2017年年初出台了《网络借贷资金存管业务指引》。目前,大多数P2P(个人对个人)网贷公司已经逐步将资金转为由商业银行存管。在未来的监管中,应将存管和外部审计的要求全面落到实处。四是信息披露制度。互联网金融本质上仍是一种金融活动,信息披露不可或缺。应对互联网金融的信息披露原则、信息披露管理与责任、信息披露内容等作出全面规定,建立健全互联网金融信息披露制度。五是消费者权益保护制度。应建立包括特定业务审核制度、消费者隐私保护制度、消费纠纷解决机制等的消费者权益保护制度。六是市场退出机制。应在做好网络借贷资金第三方存管的前提下,完善风险准备金管理制度,适时建立互联网金融业务第三方接管机制。

充分发挥行业自律作用

互联网金融创新速度较快,而相关制度的制定修改相对缓慢。因此,在相关立法出台之前,应充分发挥行业自律的作用。相对于政府监管而言,行业自律在降低监管负担和规制成本、避免市场主体与监管主体之间的信息不对称、提高专业性和标准化程度等方面有着不可替代的作用。随着互联网金融在我国的迅速发展,2011年以来,各种地方性行业协会或自发性行业协会陆续成立。2016年3月,中国人民银行会同银监会、证监会、保监会组织建立的全国性互联网金融行业自律组织——中国互联网金融协会成立,承担制定互联网金融行业标准、促进从业机构业务交流和信息共享、建立行业自律惩戒机制等重要职责。然而,从满足我国互联网金融健康发展需要的角度看,行业自律的作用目前还没有充分发挥,相关工作有待进一步加强。

首先,应进一步完善全国性的行业协会组织。根据不同互联网金融业务模式,进一步完善行业协会的组织架构,明确其职责与业务范围。其次,应尽快制定统一的行业标准和从业行为准则。在与传统金融业务无本质差异的领域,可以直接沿用原有的金融行业标准和国家标准;对有别于传统金融行业的业务,应建立新的行业标准和准则。最后,应建立行业内部信息共享和披露机制,并最终与行业外部监管系统对接。在从事同一业务的互联网金融经营者之间搭建信息沟通与共享的桥梁,在消费者信用、行业经营数据等方面实现共享,既可以降低经营者的审核成本,又可以完善互联网金融数据库,还有助于全面建立和完善个人信用体系。将这些数据纳入金融业综合统计范围,还可以作为进一步修订外部监管指标的依据。

(作者单位:南京审计大学法学院)

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