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抵押权长期不行使,归于消灭

2017-08-12 08:20:29   中国青年网

1997年11月,马某向被告某银行贷款,并用原告宋某的房屋所有权在房屋管理部门办理了抵押登记,但银行一直没有向马某和宋某主张过抵押权利,该借款也一直未偿还。由于该抵押权的存在,宋某无法处置该房屋。为此,宋某以自己的房产在某银行已经抵押了将近20年之久,不利于发挥抵押财产的经济效用,应当解除抵押权为由,于2017年3月14日,将银行告上法院,要求解除抵押权。

本案争议焦点是关于物权法第202条的理解,该条规定:“抵押权人应当在主债权诉讼时效期间行使抵押权,未行使的,人民法院不予保护。”

首先,物权法第202条规定抵押权行使期间的重要目的之一在于促使抵押权人积极地行使抵押权,迅速了结债权债务关系,维系社会经济秩序的稳定。因为从权利分类角度分析,凡可以独立存在、不依赖于其他权利者,为主权利;必须依附于其他权利、不能独立存在的则为从权利。在作为主权利的债权已经丧失国家强制力保护的状态下,抵押物上所负担的抵押权也应消灭方能更好地发挥物的效用,这符合担保物权体系的内在逻辑。

其次,抵押权设立的目的在于担保债务的履行,以确保抵押权人对抵押物的价值享有优先受偿的权利。如果允许抵押权人在任何时候均可行使抵押权,则意味着在主债权超过诉讼时效且债务人因此取得抗辩权之后,债权人依然可从抵押人处获得利益,这不仅不利于保护当事人的合法权益,也不利于发挥物的流通效能。

第三,抵押权没有诉讼时效限制。依据民法理论通说,诉讼时效适用范围限于债权请求权。而就抵押权而言,其属于支配权,并非请求权的范围,更非债权请求权的范围,故解除抵押权不适用诉讼时效期间,如将解除抵押权纳入诉讼时效的规制范围,无疑有违民法原理。

据此,法院审理认为,本案被告未能提供证据证实所抵押主债权仍在诉讼时效期间,也未能证实向抵押人宋某依法主张过抵押权。被告长时间不行使权利,原告的抵押权永远不能解除,这是对原告财产所有权的侵犯。因被告在主债权两年诉讼时效期间内并未向原告主张行使抵押权,故对被告的抵押权,人民法院不予保护,该抵押权消灭。故此,原告请求解除与被告房屋抵押登记的请求应予支持,法院遂判决解除原告与被告的房产抵押权关系。

(作者单位:河南省内乡县人民法院)

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