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从盐水中找一个配偶

2017-08-11 16:26:48   中国青年网

《海洋中的爱与性》 (美) 玛拉. J. 哈尔特 北京联合出版公司

《海洋中的爱与性》 (美) 玛拉. J. 哈尔特 北京联合出版公司

木出

从最高的礁石顶到最深的海沟底,繁殖与逃生是这个星球上的动物最关心的两件事,生命最终的目的是成功地将全部的基因传递给下一代。在《海洋中的爱与性》这本有趣的书里,可以看到每一种海洋生物的生殖策略都和它的环境和生活方式相匹配,有寒冷的黑暗的深海的,也有温暖的光明的多礁石的,有喜欢群居的吵闹的,也有喜欢独处安静的,还有在显微镜下才能看清体形的以及令人震撼的巨大的体形,正是生命的生生不息让大海保持活力。然而这100年来,海洋的繁衍变得有点儿不对劲儿了。

海洋生物的生活方式关系到人类的食品安全、人类的健康、沿海的发展、气候变化等全球性的问题。比如说食品安全,有30亿人靠鱼作为主要的蛋白质来源,而且其中一半的鱼来自于海洋,但是我们长久以来对海洋生物的了解却并不多。全靠新的方法和技术,科学家才得以监测海洋栖息者的繁殖行为。《海洋中的爱与性》把研究成果从实验室带到我们的面前,唯有对这一类知识懂得越多,才能帮助生命的力量朝着和恢复海洋生产力的方向发展。

书中谈到人类对海洋的影响,比如说,雌性蓝鲸和人类都喜欢深沉的男中音,对蓝鲸来说,大一点的雄性可以比小一点的发出更低的音调。20世纪60年代以来,研究数据显示,蓝鲸歌声的音调一直在不停地降低,为什么来自不同区域、唱不同歌曲的蓝鲸都降低了自己的音调?研究人员认为这和捕鲸业的影响有关,在整个20世纪估计有38万条蓝鲸被杀,在20世纪60年代有95%的种群被彻底地灭绝,这导致游荡在大海中蓝鲸能够找到配偶的选择少之又少,上世纪60年代少量幸存的蓝鲸为了尽可能找到配偶,不得不尽量大声地呼喊。接下来的几十年,禁止商业猎杀蓝鲸的法律生效,蓝鲸的种群得到了恢复,蓝鲸之间距离缩短了,不用大喊大叫远行去寻找其他鲸鱼,他们的越洋电话就不约而同降低了自己的音调。

人类已经影响了海洋中的繁殖,甚至可以说,简直就是最厉害的避孕药。然而我们可以改变自己生活方式、思维方式,比如说选择海鲜的时候不是只索取某一种,而是对海洋鱼类的选择多样化,这样有助于物种的恢复。当然也不要一味追求野味,海鲜也可以来自养殖场。再比如改变饮食习惯,每年大约有6300万条鲨鱼被捕捞,而鱼翅主要的市场就是在亚洲,这是一种非常浪费的行为,渔民割下了鲨鱼的鳍,把活着的身体扔回大海,失去鳍的鲨鱼最终会死亡,但鲨鱼鳍并没有什么特殊的功效。

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