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兮甲盘铭文书法
2017-08-11 05:29:26 中国青年网
兮甲盘图片
杭州西泠印社2017年春拍,“西周宣王五年青铜兮甲盘”以2.1275亿元人民币成交,有人戏称其为“史上最贵‘平底锅’”。兮甲盘铭文一百三十三字,记述周宣王五年三月(公元前823年)兮甲(即尹吉甫)随从周宣王征伐猃狁,对南淮夷征收赋贡之事,尹吉甫受到周王褒奖赏赐而作此器纪念。兮甲盘能拍出如此高价,除了其自身的价值以外,其铭文的书法艺术,亦令人叹为观止。在笔者看,其书法有三个特征:
其一,用笔圆润含蓄,收放有度。任性奇肆是自然的本色,圆曲内敛是人为的结果。兮甲盘铭文书法审美和艺术便在二者之间寻找着适合自己内心的表达,即圆润含蓄。这与主人翁尹吉甫的审美志趣有关。尹吉甫作为周宣王时重要辅臣,是湖北历史上著名的政治家、哲学家、军事家、诗人,也是《诗经》的主要采集者。《诗经·小雅·六月》中“文武吉甫”,亦称“尹吉甫”。我们通过《诗经·小雅·六月》与兮甲盘铭文,不难看出尹吉甫内敛的性格特征和圆熟的处心修为。《诗经·小雅·六月》生动记述尹吉甫挂帅出兵抗击猃狁的史实。诗曰:“戎车既安,如轾如轩。四牡既佶,既佶且闲。薄伐猃狁,至于大原。文武吉甫,万邦为宪。吉甫燕喜,既多受祉。来归自镐,我行永久。饮御诸友,炰鳖脍鲤。侯谁在矣,张仲孝友。”尹吉甫可谓文武兼备,左右逢源。我们再拿同为周宣王时期的青铜铭文书法做一下比较,兮甲盘铭文书法,既不像其前的“毛公鼎”那样婉通纵横,也不像其后的“虢季子白盘”那样棱角外露。正如西汉文学家扬雄所言:“书、心画也。”兮甲盘铭文书法以其线条语言来表达和抒发内心的真情实感。如“既”、“甲”、“積”、“车”、“百”、“宝”等字,无论是直线、还是曲线,用笔不急不厉,藏头护尾,书风醇古。而这种圆润含蓄的用笔方法无疑与周人的人文性格有着直接的关系。据《帝王世纪》载:“(纣)囚文王,文王之长子曰伯邑考,质于殷,为纣御。纣烹为羹,赐文王,曰:‘圣人当不食其子羹。’文王食之。纣曰:‘谁谓西伯圣者,食其子羹,尚不知也。’”文王胸怀远大,忍辱负重,成就了周人的伟业。尹吉甫可谓周人深沉与圆曲的典型代表。故此,兮甲盘铭文书法也呈现出圆曲、内敛、深沉和含蓄的艺术风格。
其二,线条遒劲生涩,凝重浑厚。此盘铭文书法的最大特点就是遒劲、生涩、凝重与浑厚,也许这与尹吉甫的人生历练修养以及那场征战的洗礼有关。观兮甲盘青铜纹饰及铭文,共同构成了那场征战宏大的“优美与壮美”的艺术风景。事实上铜器审美价值和意义,更多地凝结在铭文上,因为它是活生生的历史再现。我们不妨回到远古北伐路上,先听听尹吉甫率领的士兵出征时唱的歌《诗经·鹿鸣之什》:“我出我车,于彼牧矣。自天子所,谓我来矣。召彼仆夫,谓之载矣。王事多难,维其棘矣。”由于猃狁的侵扰,士兵们北伐的斗志格外旺盛。故征战中将士勇猛,一往无前,大获全胜。兮甲盘铭文开篇道出了那场血腥的战争场景。周宣王五年三月二十四,晚上看不见月亮,宣王带兵攻打玁狁。兮甲(尹吉甫)随王伴驾,杀死很多敌人,生擒很多俘虏……
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