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科技日报北京8月9日电 (记者刘霞)英国《新科学家》杂志网站8日公布的一项最新研究表明,火星饱受尘暴的“折磨”。这颗红色星球表面尘暴是此前认为的10倍多,可能对火星气候及未来火星探测产生重要影响。
尘暴是一些不断旋转的尘柱,形成于低压的气穴周围,在火星上极为常见。尘暴是表面灰尘进入大气最重要的方式之一,在大气中,灰尘会抓取热量,控制火星气候。得克萨斯大学的马克·莱蒙对此解释称:“火星上的灰尘有点像地球上的水,是最重要的火星气候驱动因素,因此,理解灰尘如何进入火星大气至关重要。”
为了更好地理解火星气候以及未来的火星探测任务可能会遇到的风险,我们需要知道火星表面存在多少尘暴,但火星着陆器气压计只能探测到最大的尘暴。有鉴于此,美国博伊西州立大学的布莱恩·杰克逊和同事将统计学方法应用于气压计得到的数据,得出了所有尘暴的数量。
火星上的尘暴通常在火星表面盘旋几分钟,然后消失。研究团队发现,任何一天,在火星表面每平方千米的地方,就会出现一个13米宽的尘暴。火星表面积为1.45亿平方千米,这意味着,每天可能有上亿个如此规模的尘暴“出没”于火星表面,是我们此前认为的10多倍。杰克逊表示,如果站在火星表面,你随时都有可能看到十多个几千米高的尘暴掠过地面。
理解尘暴对于火星探测也至关重要,因为航天服、未来的火星避难所等,都很难“摆脱”尘暴中的尘粒。此外,尘粒间彼此摩擦产生的静电也成问题。杰克逊说:“地球尘暴产生的电场不大,不足以构成威胁,但火星更干燥且灰尘更多,尘暴产生的电场更大,威胁也更大。”
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