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紫竹院湖与长河相通,这种湖泊是藏坞换船的理想水域。紫竹院湖又邻近广源闸,特殊的地理位置正好为皇室出游提供了极大的方便。皇帝乘船出游,史书早有记载,如记述元代历史的《析津志》中载:“肃清门广源闸别港,有英宗、文宗二帝龙舟。”
《燕石集》也载:
“英宗、文宗两朝御舟,藏广源闸别港。”
元史卷一百八十五《蓋苗传》也载有:
“文宗幸护国仁王寺,遂泛舟玉泉。”
在当时,紫竹院又被称作“别港”。自元朝起,帝后乘龙舟出游西郊时,都要在“别港”过闸换船。
乾隆十六年(1751年),为崇庆皇太后庆祝六十大寿,修缮了清漪园,将瓮山改为万寿山,西湖改名昆明湖。当时皇帝和太后到清漪园游幸都是沿长河坐船前往,太后在倚虹堂弃辇登舟,到了广源闸由于水位有高差,船不能通过需要换船,所以要在广源闸东侧的紫竹院行宫码头下船,在行宫休息,或到紫竹禅院进香,然后乘轿辇到广源闸西侧万寿寺码头登船继续前往清漪园。
为了使太后的生日庆典更加完美,所以在长河两岸也是大兴土木,也就是在这个时候开始修建紫竹院行宫。乾隆十六年(1751年),清政府专门设立“长河工程处”,全面规划并完成清挖河底、局部拓展河道、整修泊岸、修建行宫和码头等工程。中国第一历史档案馆所藏《内务府奏案》中记载行宫修建规模和银两来源:具体工程有“小白石桥开挖湖泡一处,新建抱厦正殿一座,计四间房,方亭一座,六角亭一座,游廊六间,平桥一座,码头一座,船坞一座计十八间,平桥一座”。总计有三处湖泡,房屋75间,6座亭,37间游廊,4座平桥,2座码头和一座船坞。工程款来自各地进贡的银两,其中“两淮银二十五万两、两浙银五万两、广东银三万两、福建银三万两,以上各处通共恭进银三十六万两”,其中“长春桥至小白石桥湖泡等处用银五万一千九百七十六两九钱一分”。长河两岸行宫大规模的整修每隔十年左右进行一次,贯穿整个乾隆朝,可见当时朝廷对包括紫竹院行宫在内的长河两岸的重视。
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