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国内首个宫颈癌疫苗上市 9-25岁接种最佳

2017-08-09 06:03:47   中国青年网

今年7月31日,国内首个获批的宫颈癌疫苗“希瑞适”正式上市,经过相关疾控部门的采购流程,百姓有望在近期获得接种。宫颈癌是目前唯一一种病因明确、可以早期预防的癌症,究竟哪些人最适合通过疫苗来预防该病?打疫苗又是否可以一劳永逸?中国医科大学附属第一医院妇科主任张颐回答了百姓的相关疑问。

上市疫苗为二价 可防70%宫颈癌

相关研究显示,99.7%的宫颈癌都是人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染所引起。HPV家族中有100多个成员,其中和恶性肿瘤关系密切的,被称为高危型HPV。只有高危型HPV持续感染才能导致宫颈癌。HPV非常常见,80%的女性一生中都感染过HPV,绝大多数女性在感染后的8-24个月可自然清除,因此感染病毒并不等于得病。另外,HPV的致癌过程非常漫长,大概需要十几年,我们有足够的时间终结它。因此,普通的HPV感染者不必过于恐慌,但也不能轻视,应定期复查,密切观察。

目前宫颈癌疫苗有二价、四价和九价,这个“价”代表了疫苗能预防病毒的种类。二价疫苗针对HPV16、18型,这两种病毒导致70%的宫颈癌。四价疫苗是在二价基础上,还覆盖了HPV6和11型,6和11型导致了90%的尖锐湿疣。九价疫苗在四价疫苗基础上,还覆盖HPV31、33、45、52和58型,能预防90%的宫颈癌。目前九价疫苗在中国还没上市,正式上市的“希瑞适”为二价疫苗,四价疫苗目前也已经获批上市。

此外,记者从沈阳市疾控中心了解到,目前,沈阳已经有接种门诊开通了宫颈癌疫苗预约,正式接受居民宫颈癌疫苗预约,最快下周、最慢 8 月底就可以接种了。

9-25岁未婚少女最宜接种疫苗

“希瑞适”二价疫苗接种的适宜人群是年龄9-25岁的女性,最佳接种人群是未发生过性行为的少女,而且年龄越小,保护效果越好。另外开始性生活的女性也可以接受注射,因为她们有可能还没感染HPV病毒或者感染疫苗不涵盖的型别,疫苗依然有保护的作用。如果曾经感染过HPV,接种疫苗也可以预防日后的再次感染,从而降低因持续感染而演变成宫颈癌的几率。

因为宫颈癌的高危因素最主要的是早年性生活、多个性伴侣。因此,对于这类人群建议接种疫苗。另外,熬夜加班、精神压力大会导致机体免疫力下降,容易造成HPV的持续感染,进而增加了患病机会。

接种疫苗后仍需做常规筛查

HPV疫苗虽然是宫颈癌预防的重要一步,但不能取代常规的宫颈癌筛查。因为目前的HPV疫苗没有覆盖全部与宫颈癌相关的高危病毒型别,所以尽管已经接种了疫苗,仍然有可能感染疫苗之外的病毒类型,所以定期宫颈癌筛查是必要的。张颐建议,20-30岁女性每三年做一次宫颈薄层液基细胞学检测(TCT),30岁以上的女性每五年做一次HPV检测加上TCT检查。如果经济等条件允许,30岁女性也可以每年都做一次HPV与TCT检查。

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