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用大数据推动生物多样性研究

2017-08-09 05:35:22   中国青年网

【科海观潮】

“绿色未来”是近来的热词,虽然不少人总把这个热词挂在嘴边,但是对于与绿色未来密切相关的生物多样性未必有深刻的理解。

深刻理解生物多样性的重要性

首先,生物多样性是人类社会经济发展离不开的物质基础。人类包括衣食住行在内的最基础生存,每一样都离不开生物多样性。如果要求再高一点,希望生活丰富多彩,那就更加离不开生物多样性了,因为正是大自然的多样性才给人类的生活提供了多样的选择。自然资源并非取之不尽、用之不竭。现在,人类对于大自然处于过度开发的状态,因此需要保护自然,而保护观念的改变是重中之重。以前,我们觉得保护动物就要把动物从自然里拿出来,放在一个我们单独提供的很好的环境中来保护,但结果事与愿违。如果我们的目的是实现成功的保护,这条路是行不通的;只有依赖自然环境和生态系统才能真正保护好生物多样性。

其次,这一边努力地保护,另一边放肆地破坏,最终起不到保护的效果。应当让保护的行为纳入国家和国际社会的主流,具体说来就是联合国可持续发展全球目标2015-2030。这个目标中的第14项和第15项就是关于陆地和海洋生物多样性保护的条款。我国的“绿色发展”理念与“生态文明建设”倡议完全契合联合国的可持续发展全球目标,这也是我们国家融入国际社会主流的明证。

人类的最基础生存离不开生物多样性

可持续发展想要变成现实,就必须有科学技术的支持。从大数据的角度来看,人类想要可持续地利用自然,首先需要理解自然。大数据为我们全方位了解大自然提供了一个重要渠道。欧美在大数据建设和分享上都走在前面,亚洲应当迎头赶上。

亚洲是生物多样性最丰富的地区,而且具有突出的独特性和很高的保护价值。亚洲又是人口最多的洲和全球经济发展的一大引擎,对生物多样性造成的威胁也是最为严重的。无论是生物多样性保护还是资源的可持续利用都需要洲际尺度的全面信息。近年来, 生物多样性信息学快速发展, 全球和区域水平的生物多样性数据库不断建立和完善。

全球生物多样性信息网络等全球大型数据库和若干国家水平的数据库, 如澳大利亚生物多样性信息系统和美国标本数字化平台等,都可以提供数千万条物种分布信息, 全球生物多样性信息网络可以提供7亿多条物种分布信息(植物信息只占约四分之一)。海量的物种分布数据为生物多样性保护和研究提供了有力的支撑, 大大促进了研究生物多样性保护规划、生物多样性对全球生态系统变化的响应、生物多样性大尺度格局、外来种入侵态势预测等方面。

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