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上海交大“熊猫计划”再次刷新对暗物质粒子性质限制世界纪录

2017-08-08 13:12:22   

资料图 图片来自解放日报

今天凌晨,上海交通大学讲席教授、“熊猫计划”(PandaX)项目负责人季向东博士,在美国举办的2017年度国际高能粒子天体物理大会上发布“熊猫计划”项目合作组最新暗物质探测实验结果——该项目在高达54吨/天的国际最大曝光量下,得到暗物质与核子的碰撞截面小于6×10-47cm2的限制,再次刷新对暗物质粒子性质限制的世界纪录。这是“熊猫计划”继2016年7月发布580公斤级探测仪的首个探测结果后,第二次发布国际最灵敏暗物质探测结果。

暗物质是宇宙中不参与“电磁”和“强”相互作用的全新未知物质,是普通物质的5倍多。揭开暗物质微观粒子本质是21世纪物理与天文学最重要的科学目标之一。根据目前的主流理论,暗物质很可能是一种超出粒子物理标准模型的“弱相互作用重粒子”,可以通过检测它与普通物质相互作用的信号进行直接探测。目前,“熊猫计划”二期探测仪的灵敏度已经深入到“弱相互作用重粒子”理论预言暗物质粒子存在的参数空间,即暗物质粒子质量及它们同普通物质相互作用强度的可能区域。实验探测距离全面覆盖参数空间的核心区域,还需要1到2个数量级的灵敏度改善。国际上几个主要的探测团队都在努力从激烈竞争中取得优势地位。“熊猫计划”二期探测仪需要在现有基础上将体量升级,同时必须通过技术创新进一步降低本底噪声,力争领跑探测灵敏度,率先取得重大探测成果。

暗物质探测的国际竞争非常激烈,所有实验合作组都期望率先发现暗物质粒子的信号。已经结束运行的美国LUX合作组在2017年1月正式发表250公斤级探测仪过去4年运行的最终数据,超过“熊猫计划”在2016年7月发表的世界最灵敏探测结果。位于意大利的XENON1T是目前世界上运行中最大的暗物质探测仪,探测区域的液氙达2吨。该实验合作组于今年5月公布首个结果,其灵敏度又超越了LUX。“熊猫计划”二期探测仪的体量虽然不到XENON1T的三分之一,但凭借探测仪优质独特的性能,经过近半年的持续稳定运行,合作组得到了超越XENON1T的最新探测结果,再次领跑暗物质直接探测的灵敏度。据悉,在过去一年里,通过对该探测仪进一步降低噪声和长时间运行,使对暗物质和普通物质相互作用的探测灵敏度提高4倍多。

上海交大主导的“熊猫计划”使用液氙作为探测仪靶材料,在2014年完成120公斤级一期探测仪的基础上,自主研制580公斤的二期探测仪。后者是目前国际上最大的暗物质直接探测仪器之一,自2015年11月起在四川凉山州地下2500米深的锦屏地下实验室中运行。该实验场所由清华大学和雅砻江流域水电开发有限公司共同开发,雅砻水电参与“熊猫计划”项目的建设。

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