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物种灭绝是一场速率的较量

2017-08-08 04:33:32   中国青年网

·书海泛槎· 人类每一次对便捷生活的向往和发展,都对其他物种构成了不易察觉的“恶意”

文/丹萌

当地质学家提出“人类世”这个概念的时候,许多读者尚不清楚其含义,这个词暗含着人类成为世界主宰者的意思,没准人们在第一次听到的时候还能涌起 “优越感”。

通常认为,“人类世”的起始时间在18世纪末,那时人类活动刚开始对气候及生态系统造成全球性影响,时间与瓦特发明蒸汽机几乎吻合。

可人们单看到蒸汽机让社会大发展,却鲜有从另一个视角纵观过这段历史:

从工业革命到现在,人类活动已经改变了这颗星球三分之一至二分之一的地表面貌,有科学家强调当前的生物灭绝速率比天然发生的灭绝速率快了1万倍以上,当今的生物多样性也已经降低到白垩纪末期大灭绝以来的最低水平。

事实上,一旦对“人类世”的概念刨根问底,就会觉得恐惧,因为学者们确信,每一个“世”都会有开始和结束,人类世的结束就是以人类的灭绝为结局。澳洲国立大学一名教授甚至认为,人类世会在100年内终结。

著名环境记者伊丽莎白·科尔伯特走访了众多生物学、人类学专家,在《大灭绝时代》一书的最后,得出了相似的猜测:

“在我们亲手制造的灭绝事件中,我们自己会有怎样的结局?可能性之一是:我们自己也将最终被我们‘对于生态样貌的改变’所消灭。”

工业发展,释放了过多的二氧化碳,海洋酸化、珊瑚白化严重,不仅自己被逼到了灭绝的窘境,数以万计依赖珊瑚生存的生物也无力对抗这场灭顶之灾;

巴拿马金蛙,体色鲜亮,却因为全球变暖,环境中产生了大量无法免疫的壶菌而与众多两栖类动物一同消失;

人类还为了动物的外观拼命杀捕。有些鸟类此前没见过人,不感到害怕,等它们害怕的时候,羽毛已经被人类拔光,人们甚至因为大海雀油厚,将其当作柴火,锅里则煮着其他大海雀,导致这种曾经遍布岛屿的美丽鸟类在1844年惨遭灭绝;

而人类在开辟疆土的过程中,为每一片原始之处带去了众多的入侵物种,导致本土物种的消失;

有些物种本可以逃的,但城市的发展阻拦了它们逃生的路线……

其实所谓“大灭绝”,指的就是世界改变的速率远大于物种适应的速率,这几乎就是一场速率之间的较量。换句话说,人类每一次对便捷生活的向往和发展,都对其他物种构成了不易察觉的“恶意”。

感到欣慰的,上世纪蕾切尔那本《寂静的春天》的环保类书籍横空出世,作者受尽了非议,在一些利益相关行业的干涉下,那场轰轰烈烈的“反《寂静的春天》运动”甚至旷日持久。而现如今,在有人帮我们梳理5次物种大灭绝的故事,并发出“人类可能会被自己毁灭”的警示,已经鲜有指责——人们或多或少都意识到了这一危机,已经能够心平气和地接受生态圈正在走向崩溃的事实。

而这样的“接受”,恰是人类的转机。

面对生态圈的“崩溃”,人们正在用自己的智慧尽力阻击,越来越多人意识到,当我们用科学不断延长着自己生命的时候,也可以将这些成果分享给其他生物;一些科学家甚至开始给犀牛超声,不远万里地给面临绝境的动物人工授精……

环保从不反现代化、工业化,如果大灭绝注定是一场速率的较量,那运用智慧,让保护其他物种的速率迎头赶上,我们或许可以帮助实现蕾切尔那个“与其他生物共享地球”的梦想。

丹萌 媒体人,专栏作者。

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